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Stainmoor and down the Eden to Carlisle, thence round
the coast to Ellenborough and Ravenglass ; and
thirdly, by way of the Roman Wall to Bewcastle and
Irthington. But these Anglian sites are all in the
lowlands ; in the mountain country the ancient names
are Norse, overlying a few Celtic survivals.
It does not follow that these names of Norse form
date from the beginning of the settlement in every
case. Some of them are certainly of the twelfth
century. Allonby, Aglionby, Gamblesby, Glassonby,
Upperby, and still more obviously Isaacby and
Parsonby show that the termination -by was applied
at a comparatively late date, simply because it was
the local word. Allerby is named from Aylward in
the eleventh century ; Gilsland from Gilles son of
Bueth ; Sunnygill, written Sunnivegile about 1239,
may be referred to a Sunnif whose son Robert is
mentioned about 1175. Waberthwaite, Langwathby
(twelfth century Langwaldeofby), and Thursby may
be named from Wyberth,Waltheof and Thore (Thórir),
father of the "Thorfynn mac Thore," to whom
Gospatric’s charter gave lands acquired by Thórir in the
days of jarl Sigurd (earl Siward), who died 1055. This
deed (printed Scot. Hist. Rev., i.) shows us also that by
then the place-names were Norse : Alnerdall, the dale
of the Ellen or Alne with a Norse genitive in -er ; bek
Troyte ("Troutbeck," now the Wisa) and Caldebek
show long-established Norse topography, though in
the midst of "lands that were Welsh"—on eallun þam
landann þeo weoron Combres"—Cymric, Cumbrian,
in which the very villages granted to Thorfinn were
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