Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - Scandinavian Britain - III. The Norse Settlements - 3. Cumberland and Westmorland
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Irish-Viking in origin, the Orton Scar penannular
fibula, now possessed by the Society of Antiquaries;
the two great "thistle" fibulæ from the neighbourhood
of Penrith, now in the British Museum, and a
third, of great size but without the thistle ornament,
found near Kirkby Lonsdale and owned by the
Bishop of Barrow. All these seem to be relics of
the Norse occupation of the tenth century, to which
date they may be referred.
We have noticed the conquest of Strathclyde by
Olaf the White and Ivar "the Boneless" in 870, and
seen that in 875-880 the bearers of St. Cuthbert’s
relics could travel in Cumberland and Galloway without
hindrance, though driven from Northumberland
by heathen Danes. By that time, however, Norse
from Ireland must have already begun to settle in
Galloway, and possibly in Cumberland, though perhaps
in small numbers, and already under the influence
of Irish Christianity. It was about or soon
after the close of the pilgrimage of Eardwulf and
Eadred Lulisc that, according to the sagas, Harald
Fairhair invaded the Hebrides and Man. "He came
first by Shetland, and slew there all the Vikings who
fled not from under him. Thence sailed Harald the
king south to the Orkneys and cleared them all of
Vikings. After that he went throughout the Hebrides
and harried there; he slew there many Vikings who
ruled over hosts erewhile. He fought many battles
and always won them. Then he harried in Scotland
and fought battles there. But when he came west to
Man, there they had already heard what harrying he
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