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4. Dumfriesshire and Galloway.
A sister colony can be traced on the north shore of
the Solway, occupying the district between the Esk
and the Dee, with centre at Tinwald (Thingvellir)
near Dumfries, but extending into Kirkcudbrightshire
on the one hand, into Peeblesshire on the other, and
reaching inland as far as the main watershed between
east and west ; Liddesdale, Liddel’s-dale, was the
Hlid-dalr of the settlers, but the outlying parts of this
area no doubt owe their names in -beck, -gill, -rig, -fell,
-by and -thwaite to secondary settlement later than
the tenth century. It has been thought that the
original colony was planted in 876 by Halfdan, which
is possible ; but as the whole was afterwards within
the kingdom of the Strathclyde Cymru, and open to
the same influences as Cumberland, no sharp distinction
can be drawn between the two districts; Danish
origins must have been overlaid by subsequent Norse
immigration. We find Cumberland names repeated
in Brydekirk, Lowther-hill and -ton, Newbigging,
Croglin, Dalton, Rockcliffe, Eskdale, Eaglesfield,
Whinfell, Aiket, Canonbie, etc. ; and similar forms in
Criffell, Arkland (compare Arklid), Kelton, Stanhope,
Rutnwell (Raud-vellir), Lockerbie, Smallholm (smali,
small cattle, sheep and goats, compare Smallthwaite),
Tundergarth, Middlebie, Middleton, Burnswark
(borrans-virki, from the Gaelic loan-word boireand),
Closeburn (Kil-Osbjörn), Langholm, Broomholm, etc.
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