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and waterfalls being ready made, beck and force were
not needed ; lakes being unknown, there are no tarns ;
villages unfamiliar, as in Cumbria, thorpe was little
used ; the thwaite in its proper sense being infrequent,
and vidr, the timber-wood, devastated, leaving only
skógar of copse, these words were not applied, though
existent in the language of the settlers. For the
rest there are many similarities between Manx nomenclature
and Cumbrian : compare Peel with Peel
Castle in Furness, etc., Surby with Sowerby, Kirby
with Kirkby, Scarsdale with Scarthgap, Cammall with
Camfell; and Fleswick, Colby, Ramsey, Raby, Sulby
(Soulby), Kneebe (Knipe), Kirkbride, etc., are identical.
Several Manx words are seen in the names both
of Man and Cumbria : korki (oats), cnoc (knock,
knoll), parak (parrock, "park," also transplanted to
Iceland), dob (dub, pool), spooyt (waterfall, as in Gill
Spout), bayr (Gaelic bothar, Cumbrian "butter" and
"bare"), glas (stream, as in Ravenglass), borrane
(Gaelic boireand, Cumbrian "borran, burn") – these
are loan-words which suggest the borrowing of language
from Man by the settlers in Cumbria as well as by
those on the north of Solway ; and the language was
the mixed speech of the Gallgael.
Turning to the monuments we have resemblances
even more striking. We have seen that in Cumbria
and in its neighbourhood there is a series of crosses
dating from the end of the tenth to some time in the
eleventh century, with carvings illustrating the Edda.
At Halton we have Sigurd the Völsung ; and the same
subject is found at Andreas, Jurby and Malew in Man.
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