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454
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
of the Swedish pedagogic system of sloyd,
0. Salomon (born 1849), calls for mention
here. He has specially treated the question
of sloyd and its importance as regards
education. See further page 300.
In practical pedagogics, an ardent
reformatory work has, during the last decades,
developed itself in Sweden. Amongst the
number active in this department ought to
be mentioned S. v. Friesen (born 1847),
formerly college rector, who has deserved
well of raising the standard of the scientific
line at our colleges; S. Almquist, college
rector (born 1844), who has exercised a
manysided, theoretical as well as practical
activity; L. Waern (born 1846), rector at the
Higher Seminary for Lady Teachers; L.
Lindroth (born 1845), rector at the Beskow
school, a private institution in Stockholm;
G. Sjöberg (born 1844), former manager
of a college for young ladies in Stockholm;
Ernst Carlson (born 1854), lecturer and
formerly professor, who by motion at the Riksdag has taken the initiative to the
forming of the latest Committee on secondary instruction (cf. page 317); Th. Krok
(born 1834), formerly college master, highly meritorious in natural history
instruction; C. Kastman (born 1832), the former, and I. Lyttkens (born 1844),
the present chief of the bureau of common school education at the Department
of Ecclesiastical affairs and education; and Fridtjuv Berg (born 1851), common
school teacher in Stockholm. On the precincts of the People’s High Schools
considerable forces are at work; we will only mention the names L. Holmström
(born 1840) and 7. Holmberg (born 1853). Significant for the development of
Swedish pedagogics is the foundation in the capital of a pedagogical library, to
which the initiative was taken by N. Lagerstedt (born 1847). A desideratum
is still the foundation of pedagogical professorships at our universities.
Anna Sandström.
Political Economy and Sociology.
Economic Science in Sweden has hitherto mostly developed under a strong
influence from that of other civilized nations. The first author worth mentioning
in this department in our country, J. Rising (1611/72), was a warm adherent
of the liberal Dutch school. Among the ideas of the mercantile system he,
however, adopted some, principally the interest for colonizing, for efforts to increase
the population, and for laws against luxury. Of a much more mercantile character
were the works of A. Bachmanson (1697/1747; ennobled Nordencrantz) and
A. Berch (1711/74). The latter was nominated the first Swedish professor of
Economy (at Uppsala, from 1741) — this being the second in Europe — and he
was known both at home and abroad as a distinguished thinker and systematizer.
As one of the most notable »Smithians before Adam Smith» ought to be mentioned
the Finländer A. Chydenius (1729/1803), whose most important works, treating the
politics of population and trades and industries, were published about 1760. The
councillors of Gustavus III, K. F. Scheffer (1705/86) and J. Westerman (1730/1815;
ennobled count Liliencrantz), were influenced by the physiocratic school. They
introduced some reforms, such as a mitigation in the constraint of guilds, etc.
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