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472
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
founded later at each of these universities. The present holders of those chairs
are: A. Wirén (born 1860) at Uppsala, and D. Bergendal (born 1855) at Lund;
they have both published works on the anatomy of invertebrates. In 1884, a chair
in zoology was founded at the Private University of Stockholm, at present held by
W. Ijeche (born 1850). He was instrumental in establishing a zootomical
institute in Stockholm too. His chief study has been the anatomy of mammalia. —
Almost contemporaneously with these zootomical laboratories, a zoological marine
station was established at Kristineberg in Bohuslän, at the suggestion of Lovén.
The fact of these institutions being established shows in itself that fresh aspects
of zoological science were being vigorously studied at the time in Sweden.
Of Swedish zoologists of the past, yet a few more may be named here:
L. Gyllenhaal (1752/1840), K. J. Schönherr (1772/1848), and N. Westring
(1797/1882), entomologists; A. Retzius (1796/1860), the celebrated anatomist
and ethnographer, and K. V. S. Aurivillius (1854/99), who made marine animal
life his chief study. Among Swedish zoologists now living, we may further mention
the following: G. Retzius (born 1842; emeritus professor of anatomy), celebrated
for his studies on the auditory organs of vertebrates besides other anatomical works;
A. W. Quennerstedt (born 1837; emeritus professor of zoology at the University
of Lund), C. A. Westerlund (born 1831), P. Olssön (born 1838), S. Lampa
(born 1839), C. O. v. Porat (born 1843), G. Kolthoff (born 1845), G. Adlerz
(born 1858), <S. Bengtsson (born 1860), H. Wallengren (born 1864), E.
Lönnberg (born 1865), O. Carlgren (born 1865) and L. A. Jägerskiöld (born 1867).
Finally may be added two Swedish zoologists holding appointments at scientific
institutions abroad, viz., G. Eisen (born 1849), curator at the Californian Academy
of Sciences in San Francisco, and A. Appellöf (born 1857), curator at the Museum
of Bergen in Norway.
Geology and Mineralogy.
Sweden already at an early period occupied a prominent position in the domain
of geological research. U. Hjärne (1641/1724) expressed the views afterwards
further developed by many other savants, that the strata of the terrestrial globe
were originally deposited in water, that the fossils are remains of formerly living
creatures, and that the earth undergoes various changes. After Hjärne appeared E.
Svedenborg (1688/1772), M. v. Bromell (1679/1731), K. Stobæus (1690/1742),
and A. Celsius (1701/44) with — considering the time at which they were written —
very noteworthy treatises on geological, mineralogical, and paleontological questions,
the last-named on the decrease of water in the Baltic and the Atlantic.
Karl v. Linné (1707/78) — better known to Englishmen by the latinized
form of his name, Linnæus — with his keen faculties of observation, interpreted
wonderfully correctly the heterogeneous geological matters that he bad observed
in several provinces of Sweden, e. g. he constructed a section of Kinnekulle, a
mountain built of horizontal Cambrian and Silurian strata, which section in its
main features is accepted at the present day, and he compared the succession of
strata there with that in other districts. Through Linnæus having assumed a
fixed sequence of strata over the whole earth, and that the strata were formed
in the sea, he has really laid the foundation of the system of classification
advanced by the German geologist and mineralogist Werner in 1780, who grouped
the rocks of the earth’s crust according to the order of succession in which they
were assumed to be deposited by water, a system which is only a further
development of the views of Linnæus. — With regard to minerals, Linnæus
understood the importance of the geometrical character of crystals for their systematic
classification, and this method of his was followed by J. G. Wallerius (1709/85),
who published the first real handbook in mineralogy, a work which is regarded
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