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474

(1904) Author: Gustav Sundbärg
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474 IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.

logy has received an important and secure position; in a word, the present time
displays a life and interest in geology, mineralogy, and paleontology to which no
previous period can show anything corresponding. In all these departments,
present-day Sweden possesses men of science who have gained world-wide fame
through their successful researches.

A further impulse in this
direction was given by the foundation of
»the Geological Survey of Sweden»
(1858), a State institution by which
a detailed geological examination and
mapping of the whole country is
carried on. A. Erdmann was the
organizer and first director of this
institution. He was succeeded bv O. Torell
(1828/1900), and, since 1897, A. E.
Törnebohm (born 1838) holds that
office. On the geological sheet-maps
published by the Swedish geological
Survey (on a scale of 1 to 50,000
and 1 to 200,000) the occurrence and
extension of the quaternary deposits
as well as the appearance above the
ground of the rocks are illustrated.
More than 120,000 sq. kilom, in Central
and Southern Sweden are in this way
mapped, and besides a general map of
Sweden (on a scale of 1 to 1,500,000)
and several maps of isolated provinces
are published.

The Geological Society in
Stockholm (1871), and the publication of
the Journal of this Society have, of course, contributed in a high degree to
promote an interest in geology; so has the paper (Bulletin of the Geological
Institution) which in 1892 began to be published in Uppsala.

The researches of Swedes in the Polar districts have proved of great
importance, especially for the knowledge of the Glacial Period in Scandinavia. S. Loth
(1809/95) was the first to visit Spitzbergen for scientific purposes, viz., 1837.
when he made the important discovery of Jurassic fossils in the strata of this
island. Torell, the precursor in Glacial geology, A. E. Nordenskiöld (1832
1901), the famous mineralogist, and A. G. Nathorst (born 1850), the
celebrated connoisseur of fossil plants, have since arranged and led a large number
of geologically important expeditions to the regions of the Arctic Ocean.

Among other Swedish explorers in the above mentioned branches of science
may be mentioned: A. Hamberg (born 1863), and Hj. Sjögren (born 1856).
as mineralogists; Törnebohm, who has devoted himself to exploring the Archaean
and Algonkian districts of Sweden and to petrographical researches; A. G.
Högbom (born 1857) and II. Bäckström (born 1865), of whom the latter has chiefly
devoted himself to the study of petrology; E. Erdmann (born 1840), who
investigated the coal-bearing formation in Skåne; G. Lindström (1829/1901), G.
Holm (born 1853), J. Ch. Moberg (born 1854), and L. Törnqvist (born 1840).
who have specialized in paleontology. In the branch of quaternary geology, the
most noticed are: II. v. Post (born 1822) and A. Erdmann, and, in later times,
G. De Geer (born 1858), and II. Munthe (born 1860).

Alfred Gabriel Nathorst.

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