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482
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
struction of whole classes of analytical
expressions that by their natnre
produce monogeneous functions of the most
general character possible and also
embrace and elucidate the true
signification of Taylor’s series. Among the
works of Sonja Kovalevski ought to be
mentioned the general integration of a
system of partial differential equations
and the solution of a new case of the
rotation problem by means of uniform
functions. Among other mathematicians
who are, or have been, attached to the
University of Stockholm, may be
noticed: E. Phragmén (born 1863; since
1887 co-editor of the Acta
Mathema-tica), an author of very discriminating
disquisitions on the theory of functions
and on the analytical theory of numbers;
I. Bendixson (born 1861), an author
of profound works on the general theory
of functions and of differential
equations; H. v. Koch (born 1870), known
for his investigations on infinite
determinants and for a paper on the
analytical theory of numbers; G. Kobb
(born 1863), who amongst other things,
has treated the calculus of variations;
and I. Fredholm (born 1866) who has given a new method for solving the
problem of Dirichlet.
In the department of mathematical history G. Eneström (born 1852) has
exercised an extensive activity as an investigator and as editor (since 1887) of
the international magazine of mathematical history Bibliotheca Mathemalica,
which of låte has been much enlarged and has put down on its programme the
treatment of questions that are of actual interest to the mathematicians, such,
for instance, as refer to terminology, classification, and bibliographical expedients.
Astronomy.
It is not till the beginning of the 17th century that we find astronomical
research represented to any noticeable degree in Sweden. Our first astronomical
observatory was founded in 1649 by B. Hedræus (1608/59), professor of
Mechanics at Uppsala, who seems to have manufactured astronomical instruments
in a workshop of his own. He also published a work, printed in Leyden, on the
astrolabe. A. Celsius (1701/44) arranged for the construction of a new
observatory in Uppsala (1740), which was very amply provided with instruments. When
the French expedition for determining latitudes, under the leadership of
Maupertuis, in 1736 proceeded to Lappland, Celsius volunteered to accompany it. He
was also the first to direct attention to the influence of the aurora borealis on
the magnetic, needle. — In 1753 — the same year in which the Gregorian
Calendar was introduced into Sweden — observatories were erected in Stockholm
and Lund. P. Wargentin (1717/83) was the first Director of the Stockholm
Observatory. He carried out many extensive observations, settled the latitude of
Gösta Mittag-Leffler.
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