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716- ix. mining industry and metal production op sweden.
Table 103. The Pig iron production of Sweden. Metric tons à 2,204 lbs.
Year. [-Production.-] {+Produc- tion.+} Tom. Average for the years [-Production.-] {+Produc- tion.+} Ton». Average for the years Blast
furnaces in
operation. Total nnmber of days of work. [-Production.-] {+Produc- tion.+} Ton*. * Production. Tom.
Per Blast
furnace.’ Per diem.* ;
on the bottom of the fnrnace. This lump was removed hy means of a pair of
tongs and forged. — Iron produced by this method was generally known during
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries far beyond the limits of the country by the
name of Osmund iron.
During the fifteenth century these furnaces were made higher, and the shift
was narrowed towards the top; instead of lake ores hard ores began to be used,
and charcoal took the "place of wood. The heat was increased, the reduction
was more complete, and an iron higher in carbon and more fusible was obtained,
which could be tapped from the furnace. The furnaces could be worked
continuously, the consumption of fuel decreased, the iron in the ore was more
completely extracted, but still the iron received had an entirely different character,
wherefore both the furnace and the iron were given special names; the former
was called *masugm (blast-furnace), and the latter ttackjàrm (pig-iron). This
pig iron was afterwards by refining converted into wrought iron, which in the
older furnaces was obtained direct.
This principle of first preparing pig iron from the ore, and then wrought-iron
and steel from the pig iron by means of an oxidizing melting process in the forges
or the furnaces, has during the following centuries up to the present time been
the same, although, as has already been stated, great improvements have been
made both in the production and the refining of pig iron. A detailed description
of the Swedish method of producing iron will be given in the following pages.
During the 14th and 15th centuries, blast furnaces took the place
of blast forging for the production of pig iron. These furnaces were
in construction somewhat similar to the blast forges. The lower part
of the furnace was built of granite, but the outside of the upper
part, of timber, and in the space between this and the shaft was
a filling of earth and sand. The height of the furnace was only <
meters.
1 Besides 3,500 tons of Osmund iron. — * Here are also included the comparative]*
small quantities of castings direct from blast furnace (see Table 99, p. 643), which »«
not included in the relative figures of the two following columns. — * Corresponding
figures amounted in 1833 to 434 tons, in 1838 to 478, in 1843 to 571, in 1848 to 622, U
1853 to 624, and in 1858 to 678 tons. — 4 Corresponding average amounted in 1833 to
2 78 tons, in 1838 to 317, in 1843 to 3 78, in 1848 to 3 96, in 1853 to 4 59, and in 1$>S
to 5’89 tons. — 4 Per blast furnace and per diem.
16361............406
1650..............10,400
1660..............22,600
1665..............22,100
1681..............44,500
1747/50... 33,000
1790 ..............78,000
1801..............77,000
1805..............79,400
1808......, 73,100
1810 ...... 54,000
1836/40 .J 117,000
1841/45.. 122,000
1846/50.. 137,000
1851/56.. 159,000
1856,60.. 177,000
1861/65... 222 30,6781 204,8261 923 6 s«
1866/70... 212 36,431 267,8541 1,263 7 56
1871/75... 215 40,645 j 332,456 , 1,546 8 20
1876/80... 195 37,654 357,224 1,832 949
1881/85... 186 41,777 i 429,377 2,308 1028
1886/90... 169 38,790 446,578 2,809 1151
1891/95... 150 38,158 1 471,147 1 3,141 ms
1896 00... 141 38,834 1 517,796 i 3,672 1333
In 1900.. 136 38,148 | 526,868 3,903 | 1381
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