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966 XII. SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION OF SWEDEN.
twisted and directed towards different points. The vertical bars are fitted at their
lower extremities with hooks, so that they can be thrust down to grapple ander
the object to be raised. At their upper ends they are furnished with chain
couplings and connected with windlasses or cranes above water. The instruments
that work horizontally through the walls of the tube are intended to be used as
an alternative, for which purpose there is an exterior hemispherical shutter, which
can be closed hermetically or opened when necessary. By means of the Waller,
Tube the Swedish steamer >Södra Sverige», of about 600 tons, which foundered
among the islands outside Stockholm, in September 1895, was raised between
September 1896 and May 1897 from a depth of 55—56 meters (about 180 feet), or
twice that from which it had previously been found possible to raise sunken vessels.
In addition to salvage-work at great depths the Waller Tube is likely to be
employed in scientific investigations at the sea-bottom, there being no difficulty
for a diver to descend in it to a great depth and to remain below for any length
of time desired.
Navigation Schools.
The navigation schools of Sweden originate from a school for the
education of mates in Stockholm, established on the strength of a Royal
Letter of June 4, 1658. Their present organization is founded
principally on the Royal Letter of April 7, 1841, and at present the Royal
Regulation of June 6, 1890 is essentially in force. Four complete schools.
consisting of one navigation and one engineer division, are established
in Stockholm, (rothenburg, Malmö, and Hernösand; and six, only
containing a navigation division, in Gefle, Kalmar, Karlshamn, Strömstad,
Vestervik, and Visby. A navigation division consists of one class for
mates and one for ship-masters, an engineer division, of one class for
engineers and one for chief engineers. The schools are subordinated to
the Naval Department. An inspector, nominated by the Government,
superintends the appropriate course of the instruction, is present at
examinations, etc. At each school, the closest supervision is excercised by
a Board chosen by the town council at the respective places, and by the
Government a manager is appointed, who is also head-teacher in the
navigation division. The other masters and extra teachers are appointed
by the Naval Department. Managers and teachers are entitled to a
pension when they have attained 65 years of age, and count 35 years
in office. The salaries of the teacher staff are paid by the State, bnt
school buildings and houses for the managers are provided by the
respective towns. Other expenses are defrayed by public funds and
the pupils’ fees.
For naval officers and ship-masters who want to legitimate
themselves as managers, a Course is annually arranged in Stockholm for
higher mathematics, astronomy, compass-instruction, tide-instruction, and
nautical meteorology.
A pupil at a Navigation school shall have attained 16 years of age, a mate s
apprentice shall have served at sea at least 2 years, a captain’s apprentice, who 18
to have passed his mate’s examination or have equivalent knowledge, 3 }’esrs’
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