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174 iv. forestry.
funds have been formed, however, from the revenues obtained, and they
are employed for the common needs of the various parishes. (See
p. I 291.)
I)) The Forests belonging to Towns embrace altogether 34 947 hectares.
They are to be subjected to well-ordered management in accordance with
plans drawn up by the Crown Lands Board, which aim at the continued
survival of, and at the securing of the greatest returns from, the woods in
question. Even before such regulations were issued in 1903, forest-bailiffs
had been appointed for the forests which belonged to certain towns and
which were found to be well cared for.
As a general verdict concerning the condition of the public forests it
has, not without reason, been pointed out that, in consequence, as a rule,
of a too conservative administration, the supply of timber has become
greater than a rational economic system required. This has led, during
the last few years, to gradually increasing cutting, while, at the same time,
efforts have been made, as far as the supply of labour and other conditions
have rendered it possible, by means of thinning and clearing operations,
to utilize the less valuable forest-products which were formerly allowed
to decay in the forest. The first condition for profitable forest economy is
that a paying market can be found for such second-rate timber. The
increased output of the woodpulp works and the growth of the net of
railways, among various other causes has, during the last few years, led
to a partial change in this respect, in the more northerly parts of the
country especially. In adirition to this, over considerable areas in the
districts in question, in the neighbourhood of the rafting streams and
railways necessary care can nowadays be given to the growing timber.
The red line on the accompanying map shows, approximately, the extent
of the districts where timber for pulpworks and charcoal-burning, or for
one of these purposes, is in demand. In the tracts west and north of this
line, therefore, there do not at present exist the conditions necessary for
good forest economy, as the only timber from these tracts which can be
sold is still that of larger dimensions, for the sawmills industry. For
this reason, timber-cutting en masse remains for the present a
compulsory method of lumbering, from which, east and south of the limits
marked on the map, it is possible to revert to such forms of forest
economy as make it possible to pay more attention to the care and
re-growth of the timber. In this connection, however, it should be
mentioned that the above-mentioned conditions for profitable forest
economy can also lead to the cutting-down of timber on too large a scale.
Such excessive lumbering, whereby the supply of timber is diminished,
can, in certain cases be justified, should the supply in any forest be
abnormally large, or should it consist of over-mature, degenerated or too
densely growing timber, in which case forestry demands the felling of
timber on a large scale during a suitable transition period. But in many
cases this cutting of timber on a large scale is not done for the motives
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