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sawing and export. 211
Value of the Export of unwrought, hewn, and sawn Timber, 1871—1911.
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however, great efforts have been made to remedy these deficiencies as much as
possible. The saw-blades are now made quite thin, and consequently they require
a smaller "set" (the alternate inclination of the saw-teeth sideways), and give less
saw-dust, but a smoother surface. — After the logs have passed through the frames
and have been cut into boards, they are finished by edging, the boards being
then passed between the two circular saws of the edging-machine.
The boards or deals are now arranged according to their different
dimensions, and, where necessary, are sorted according to quality, after which they are
run into the lumber-yard on trolley-cars and piled up in stacks to dry. The
dimensions of sawn wood can vary between 12 in. (Engl.) by 4 in. down to
1 in. by V2 in. The most usual kinds are deals, battens, and boards, which
are also the largest dimensions; there are also scantlings, planchettes, fence pales,
glass-box boards, slatings, and staves, which are made in special stave machines,
from the waste resulting from frame-sawing (laths and slabs).
Timber of good Quality is characterized by the wood being sound and
as far as possible free from knots, and by its being close-grained. This
quality depends upon the shape which the trunk of the tree had (a
"pillar-shaped" tree gives the best timber), and upon its being cut before
its growing capacity has essentially ceased. Many things may deteriorate
the quality of the wood, e. g. "discolouration", which arises from
fermentation of the sap; cracks or warping ("shakes"), which are caused by
uneven seasoning, or else depend upon the tree being too old. and "wane",
caused in sawing. — Sorting is a very important work, and the men who
perform it, the brackers (klampare) receive higher wages than others.
Sawn timber, especially red wood, is sorted according to quality into
firsts, seconds, thirds, fourths, and fifths. White wood is often shipped
unsorted. — In addition to the French sorting, as it is called, there was
formerly employed another classification for shipments to
English-speaking countries, where a distinction was made between "mixed" (this
properly signifying seconds with a mixture of firsts), 3rds, 4ths, 5ths,
6ths, and "wrack" or "wreck" (wrack-refuse). Consequently, 3rds in the
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