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vi. mining and metallurgical industry.
stones being set up around it. Out of this primitive type of furnace
were then developed Osmund "skällingar" and hearths of different
kinds and sizes. Osmund, that is, malleable iron produced direct, and
also steel were the sole products of the Swedish metal industry for
centuries. Copper seems scarcely to have been manufactured in Sweden
before the Middle Ages, but at all events not later than the 13th century.
Silver and Lead began to be extracted in the course of the 15th
century, perhaps earlier. Gold was found in Sweden in 1636, and there have
been preserved samples of Swedish gold from the j^ear 1695. Zinc was
experimentally extracted for the first time in 1741, when also brass was
made out of exclusively Swedish metals. Cobalt began to be exploited
in Sweden in 1745. Nickel was reduced on a manufacturing basis for the
first time in 1839, on a larger scale in 1844. Manganese ore was utilised
as long ago as the 17th century, but it was not till 1868 that a
metallurgical extraction of the metal by the production of spiegel iron commenced.
Chromium and Tungsten, finally, are also Swedish metals; they have been
extracted in Sweden from ores since 1892 and 1910 respectively. Mercury
was temporarely manufactured as a by-product at Sala in 1907. It is
not known, even approximately, when the mining of ore first began;
probably at the beginning of the Middle Ages, perhaps earlier. Coal
mining in Skåne is mentioned for the first time in 1571. Traces of mining
of far older date have been discovered in the chalk deposits in Skåne,
where flint was mined — perhaps as early as the Stone Age — by the
sinking of shafts and stoping. Written records relating to Swedish
mining are not found till låte, and the eariy history of mining in Sweden
is scanty in data. The earliest information on this subject is apparently
to be gathered from the old "sagas". The dwarf smiths who forged famous.
Miniature Sword of Iron.
From the 5th period of the Bronze Age Discovered at Bjärsgàrd in Skåne.
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