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302 vi. mining and metallurgical industry.
Table 60. Output of Siemens-Martin Steel in Sweden.
Annually r Acid tons Basic tons Total tons
1876-80 . . . 3 498 3498
1881—85 . . . 14 077 — 14 077
1886-90 . . . 47 489
1891-95 . . . 83 981
1896—00 . . . 113 703 57 418 171121
1901-05 . . . 119 385 113 463 232848
1906—10 . . . 137 417 187 847 325264
1911 ..........148 322 224 383 372 705
1912 ..........160 418 243 700 404118
1913 ..........186 501 282 886 469387
The time occupied by a charge, reckoning from tapping to tapping, varies
greatly in different works; usually from 8 to 12 hours.
The consumption per ton of steel is from 350 to 450 kilograms of coal, or
about 40 to 50 hectoliters of wood or stumps.
"Alloy steels" (legerat stål), containing e. g. nickel, chromium,
manganese, tungsten, are now made in Sweden for certain purposes in acid
open-hearth furnaces. Moreover, the Swedish manufacture of castings of
acid open-hearth steel has long been famed for its superior quality.
The Basic Open-liearth Process. The basic, process is employed in Sweden
chiefly for the production of soft material, but in certain places also for the
making of high-carbon steel, in the latter case from pure materials. The
process was in Sweden first applied at the Jäder Works in 1889; soon afterwards
it was adopted on a larger scale at Kallinge.
The advantage of this process is that one can use more phosphoriferous, and
thus cheaper, pig iron and scrap than is possible in the acid process, and that
the cost of production is lower both for the above reasons and on account of
the shorter time taken by the charges (from 6 to 8 hours between the
tappings).
Pig iron for the Swedish basic open-hearth process usually contains from 0’3
to 0*6 % of silicon, about the same amount of manganese and not more than O’l %
of phosphorus.
\
Crucible Steel. Crucible steel is at present made at Österby,
Vikmans-hyttan, Söderfors, and Fagersta. For the output of crucible steel see the
Table 61.
Steel-maliing in Electric Furnaces. Since the beginning of the present
century endeavours have been made in Sweden to utilize her rich supplies
of water power for metallurgical purposes; the aim being partly to
diminish the consumption of charcoal, and partly to render oneself less
dependent on imported fuel. In the foregoing pages we have indicated,
Table 61. Output of Crucible Steel in Sweden.
Annually Tons
1891-95 ...... 598
1896-00 ...... 931
1901—05 ...... 1153
1906—10 ...... 3 385
191 1....... 1 325
1912 ....... 2 275
1913 ....... 2 656
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