Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - VII. Manufacturing Industries. Introd. by [G. Sundbärg] K. Åmark - 4. Oils, Tar, India-Rubber, and allied Commodities. By Alf. Larson
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hard and soft soaps.
389
same factories. The whole output of scent was valued at 1 107 000 kronor in
1912, and the export at 100 000 kronor. The number of factories was 23
employing 81 hands, in 1912.
Hard and Soft Soaps
are obtained by the decomposition of different kinds of fat, both solid and fluid,
by means of alkalies. Generally speaking, hard soap is soda, soft soap, potash,
chemically combined with fatty acids to form salts. The boiling of hard soap,
like so many processes, used to be done on a small scale to supply domestic
needs; from wood-ashes and lime was obtained the required potash lye, which
was boiled with an admixture of tallow. A soft tallow soap was the result, from
which, by the addition of common salt, a firm and good hard tallow-soap was
obtained. The first soft-soap factory in Sweden was founded in 1823 by Lars
Montén, in co-operation with the famous chemist, Berzelius. Though the raw
materials for this industry, especially tallow, linseed oil, and train-oil, might
partly be obtained in the country itself, the greater proportion of the raw
materials used are now brought from abroad, because the home production is
insufficient, more especially since certain oils obtained from tropical plants, such
as cocoa-nut oil, palm-oil. etc., have begun to be used in soap-making. Soft
soap used to be generally employed for washing, but has latterly been superseded
by hard soap. For cheap toilet soaps, cocoa-nut oil is primarily made use of.
Soaps have also been recently manufactured by taking, first of all as neutral
a soap as possible, and grinding, perfuming, and pressing it. Besides other
good qualities possessed by soaps prepared by this method they also admit of
being scented better and more lastingly than others.
The production of soft and hard soaps has made great progress in Sweden
during the last 50 years. In 1860, there were 13 factories producing 2 105 000
kg of a value of 859 000 kronor.
In 1912 there were 60 factories, employing 745 workmen and producing
24 472 000 kg, valued at 10 236 000 kronor.
The consumption of cleansing materials, which is considered as a standard of
civilization, has increased about seven times per person and per annum in Sweden,
in spite of the fact that alkalies are now much used directly for cleaning
purposes. The price of soft soap and hard soap has, on an average remained the
same as then, 40’8 and 41’8 öre pr kg. respectively but for hard soap alone it
Table 88. The Manufacture of Soaps.
Annually Soft soap kg Hard soap kg Total kg Per inhab., annually kg
1861- -1865 ...... 2141 879 390 034 2 531 913 0-63
1866- -1870 ...... 3 059 072 285 737 3 344 809 080
1871- -1875 ...... 4 567 896 441 228 5 009 124 1-14
1876- -1880 ...... 6 062 230 406 038 6 468 268 1-42
18H1- -1885 ...... 6 889 811 422 312 7 312123 1-56
1886- -1890 ...... 7 150 225 770 331 7 »20 556 1-65
1891- -1895 ...... 9 205 783 1 544 436 10 750219 218
1896 -1900 ...... 11912 229 3 233 664 15145 893 2-95
1901- -1905 ...... 14 085 820 3 627 667 17 713 487 3-34
1906- -1910...... 18 072 212 4 244 243 22 316 455 4-07
1910 20 307 546 4 575 283 24882829 4’51
1911 17 025 571 4 562 856 21588427 3-90
1912 19 905 353 4 566 820 24 472173 4’38
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