Full resolution (JPEG) - On this page / på denna sida - IX. Shipping and Navigation. By H. Rosman - Harbours and Dry Docks. By V. Fellenius - Pilots and Lighthouses. Life-Saving Institutions. By E. A. Smith
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pilots and lighthouses. life-saving institutions. 577
harbours, and that the total tonnage of those ships was 521/2 million register
tons. In 235 of these harbours the tonnage dues aggregated 2 355 529 kronor,
and in 79 of them the freight dues totalled 3 417 975 kronor.
The Table 122 gives more detailed data as to the harbours which in 1910
showed a tonnage of over 500 000 register tons.
There are dry clocks for public use at Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö,
Oskarshamn, Norrköping, and other places. Moreover Stockholm has one
naval dock, and Karlskrona seven. The Table 123 shows dimensions of
docks, etc.
There are large slips for vessels at Stockholm (Finnboda), Gävle (Gävle
varv och verkstäder), Malmö (Kockums mekaniska verkstad), and
Gothenburg (Lindholmens verkstad and Götaverken). These five slips
(according to data received from their owners) can take vessels of:
79-3, 84, 84, 76 and 75 meters greatest length respectively, and about
1 500, 2 000, 1 300, 1 200, and 1 500 tons greatest dead-weight.
Pilots and Lighthouses. Life-Saving Institutions.
The pilot and lighthouse services and the life-saving institutions for
those wrecked at sea constitute in Sweden one single department called
Lotsverket, the Pilot Service. This department is subordinate to the
Lots-styrelsen, the Pilotage Board.
As early as the middle of 16th century there existed enactments prescribing
that whosoever, after having undertaken to pilot a ship, ran her aground should
forfeit his life, unless the accident had been due to heavy seas and violent
storm. The Pilot Service as an institution dates back to the time of Charles XI.
In 1655 the Crown pilots had assigned to them certain farms out of the Crown
demesnes which were exempted from incumbrances, in return for which their
owners were under obligation to serve as pilots on the ships of the Crown in
precedence to all others. According as the navy was increased, the pilotage
institution was expanded. In 1687 the lotsdirektörsämbetet, the Office of the
Director of Pilots, was instituted. In 1774 was introduced "lotsplihtighet", that is
the obligation for vessels entering from the open sea to make use of a government
pilot. Perch beacons (priclcar) and other sea-marks were in use as long ago as
the Middle Ages, but during the reign of Gustavus I the peasants dwelling in
the skärgård (belt of skerries) were enjoined to beacon all reefs, shoals, and
shallows both within and without the skerries with "broom beacons" (stakes
surmounted with a broom). At the present time the approaches to ports and
the waterways are beaconed thus: red-painted broom beacons (kvastprickar) on
one side, and plain beacons (slätprickar) painted black and white on the other.
As regards lighthouses, it should be noted that the Kullen lighthouse in Skåne
is the most ancient in Sweden, having been erected as early as 1560. However,
it was not till after 1800 that the development of lighthouse arrangements has
gone rapidly forward. The first lightship was stationed at Falsterborev in 1884.
The Life-Saving Service dates its origin from the close of the seventeenth
century; it was then managed by private persons. It was not until 1855 that
the first life-saving station supported by the State was erected, but since that
time this service has gone forward pretty rapidly, until it reached its present
stage of development.
37—13317». Sweden. II.
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