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CHAPTER IX.
THE GREAT NORTHERN EXPEDITION ON ITS WAY
THROUGH SIBERIA.—DIFFICULTIES AND DANGERS
ENCOUNTERED AND OVERCOME.
IN the early part of the year 1733, the expedition
began to leave St. Petersburg by detachments. It
consisted of the chief Vitus Bering (his Russian name
was Ivan Ivanovich Bering), Captains Spangberg and
Chirikoff, eight lieutenants, sixteen mates, twelve
physicians, seven priests, skippers, stewards, various
apprentices, ship-carpenters, other workmen, soldiers and
sailors,—in all about five hundred and seventy men. Of
these, three officers and one hundred and fifty-seven men—a
number which was greatly increased in Siberia—were
assigned duty in the Arctic expedition, the
remainder in the Pacific expeditions. In this estimate, the
Academists, constituting an expedition of thirty or forty
men, are not considered. The list of names of those
engaged in these expeditions throws interesting light on
Russian social relations of that period. Over half of the
officers, many mates, and all of the physicians were
foreigners. The Senate sought to inspire the zeal of the
officers by large increase of salary and promotion in rank
and service after a successfully completed expedition, but
the rank and file were to be forced to a performance of
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