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snow-line forming the nevé of the Alps, or the
“fond” of the Scandinavian mountains, are thus
capable of actually flowing like a river down
any available outlet, and draining off the upper
accumulations. This down-flow is aided by some
other actions that I will presently describe.
Where, then, will these outlets occur? In the
case of the Norwegian “fond,” where the upper
accumulation rests upon a vast table-land or fjeld,
the outlets must evidently be the notches between
the outlying or boundary peaks of the fjeld and
the radial sloping trough-shaped valleys with
which these notches communicate. In a long
chain of mountains, with a long sloping nevé, the
outlets will be the lateral valleys that furrow the
sides of the chain.
If the sides of these outlet valleys are very
steep, the overflowing ice bends over their sides,
becomes detached from the parent accumulation,
and slides down as an avalanche. If this steep
valley spreads out below sufficiently to expose
so large a surface of the avalanche material that
it shall all be thawed during the summer, a
permanent avalanche outlet will be established, such
as that on the Jungfrau, which the tourist
contemplates at a respectful distance from the Great
Scheideck, where avalanche performances are
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