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constantly going on during the summer, and may be
seen and heard at intervals of only a few minutes.
If, on the other hand, the outlet valley narrows
towards its mouth to such an extent that the
avalanche material cannot melt during the
summer, it must of course become blocked up, and
finally filled with the overflowing ice. The same
may occur, more or less completely, if its slope is
too gradual for actual avalanche fall. The
overflowing ice will then be pushed forward in mass
by the pressure of that behind it, aided or eased
by its own gravitation.
In chapter ix. of ‘Through Norway with a
Knapsack,’ I have described some interesting
illustrations of the distinction between avalanche and
glacier valleys that occur in the Romsdal, where
both may be seen in miniature, and side by side.
A valley thus filled with such overflowing ice,
or welded snow, constitutes a true glacier, and the
material of which it is mainly formed is very
porous, I may almost say spongy; and through
these pores there is (during the summer time,
certainly) a continuous infiltration of water, derived
from the melting of the surface of the glacier.[1]
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