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or perhaps a little to the east of north, keeping as
nearly as possible in the middle of the warm water,
with the simple object of reaching the highest
possible open sea, north latitude.
The actual latitude thus attainable will doubtless
vary considerably with the seasons. The
‘Nord-deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung’ tells us that last
summer (i. e. 1876) Captain Kielsen, of the ‘John
Maria,’ from Tromsö, reached 81 1/2 north latitude
by sailing in the direction I have suggested. He
discovered an island with a mountain 500 feet
high, which he called White Island, and the sea
was free from ice up to the highest latitude he reached,
and even beyond it. He supposes that the polar
ice-wall was, then at least, at a higher latitude.
Captain Kielsen thus reached, without any
difficulty whatever, a latitude equal to the
northernmost stretch of the ‘Polaris,’ within about a dozen
miles of the winter quarters of the ‘Discovery,’
and barely sixty miles short of the highest latitude
ever attained by any ship, viz. that reached with
such serious struggling by the ‘Alert,’ and which
has been so highly commended as a crowning
achievement of Arctic effort. The northernmost
limit reached by the sledging parties of the recent
expedition was 83° 20", but 110 miles beyond that
of Captain Kielsen’s northward sail, one which
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