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ii2 III. THE ROMANIZED CHURCH (A.D. 11301389).
the new archbishop, a monk of Alvastra, and, therefore,
from East Gothland, who had just been consecrated at Sens
by Eskil of Lund, in the pope s presence. This first bull
made Upsala the metropolis of the new province, and put
the bishoprics of Skara, Linkoping, Strengnas and
Vesteras (naming them in that order) under the jurisdiction
of the new archbishop (P. L., 200, 301 foil.). It reserved,
however, the due right and reverence of the Bishop (sic)
of Lund. What the position of Abo in Finland was in
tended to be, is not clear. The second was addressed to
all the Bishops of Sweden, and directed them to show
obedience to their new metropolitan, and gave them good
advice as to carefulness and purity in ordinations (ibid.
303). But again nothing was heard of clerical celibacy.
About eight years later (1172), the same pope, who was
a great jurist, wrote two important letters to the new arch
bishop and his suffragans, as well as two of a less detailed
character to the Bishops of Linkoping and Strengnas.
The two longer ones deal with many of the usual matters
of discipline, but even here make no mention of celibacy.
The first, dated gth September, 1172 (ep. 975, I.e. 850),
speaks of certain great crimes, and reprobates also the
custom of certain clergy celebrating the Eucharist
"
with
dried lees of wine or crumbs of bread steeped in wine
"
(thus touching a difficulty which we shall notice later),
and censures the custom of clandestine marriages among
the laity. The second, dated the next day (ep. 979, I.e. 854
foil.), mainly deals with promotion to benefices, which
laymen are asserted to be in the habit of conferring without
reference to the bishops. It expresses a wish that the
clergy should be free from accusation before the civil
courts. It discourages ordeal by fire or duel, and enjoins
the payment of tithes. These letters show considerable
local knowledge, and were no doubt on the whole very
useful in consolidating the body of Church law in Sweden.
By the year 1200 the clergy had obtained, as far as the
king was concerned, the desired exemption from the juris
diction of the civil courts. It was not, however, as yet
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