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1060 TRAVELS
Manichzans and Gnoftics, as well as thofe of . Plato, entered early
into the creeds of Chriftians. Ariftotle, and other philofophers,
directed the fchoolmen; the fchoolmen the church, and the
church for fifteen hundred years the ftate, and in repeated in-
{tances the motions of armies. Mighty monarchs maflacred or
exterminated Neftorians, Arians, Albigenfes, Waldentes, Jews,
Moors, Hugonots, and Prefbyterians. “The proteftant and the
catholic faith divided Europe ; and difputes about liberty and ne-
eeffity among the Proteftants themfelves were tinged with blood.
In the times of Rofcelinus and Abelard, kings interfered in the dif-
pute between the Nominalifts and the Realifts; an argument not
yet terminated. The medical world at one period was divided
between the difciples of Galen and thofe of Paracelfus. Thofe of
the two former, from the pride-of poffeffion, claimed ftill an ex-
clufive right to the public ear, and obtained from the court of
Paris an inhibition againft thofe of the latter; though this, like
other decrees, gave way in time to the progrefs of opinion. It
appears at firft fight {trange, but neverthelefs nothing is more cer-
tain, than that the affairs of nations may be influenced, as we
have juft feen in the cafe of France, by inftitutions for the ftudy
of mathematics and belles-lettres.
- Whoever reflects on the ufual effect of literature and {cience to
awaken the genius of liberty, by exciting a fpirit of free difcuf-
fion on all fubjects, by preferving the memory of the ancient re-
publics, by quickening the perception of right and wrong, and
vindicating the dignity of human nature, will be apt to confider
the
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