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Education 189
this were not a universally valid statement but
only expressed a physiological certainty, peo-
ple will some day perhaps cease filing down
man’s brain by that sandpapering process
called a school curriculum.
A champion of the transformation of peda-
gogy into a psycho-physiological science is to
be found in Sweden in the person of Prof.
Hjalmar Oehrwal who has discussed in his
essays native and foreign discoveries in the
field of psychology. One of his conclusions
is that the so-called technical exercises, gym-
nastics, manual training, sloyd, and the like,
are not, as they are erroneously called, a relax-
ation from mental overstrain by change in
work, but simply a new form of brain fatigue.
All work, he finds, done under conditions of
fatigue is uneconomic whether one regards the
quantity produced or its value as an exercise.
Rest should be nothing more than rest,—free-
dom to do only what one wants to, or to do
nothing at all. As to fear, he proves, follow-
ing Binet*s investigation in this subject, how
corporal discipline, threats, and ridicule lead
to cowardice; how all of these methods are to
be rejected because they are depressing and
tend to a diminution of energy. He shows,
moreover, how fear can be overcome progres-
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