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2. EBO AND ANSKAR. 53
king s good will. The phrase used is rather obscure,
"
cum literis regia manu more ipsorum deformatis." It
was probably not a letter in runic characters, as some have
thought, but the king s monogram perhaps on a wooden
tablet or tally (Vita Anscharii 18, alias 1 1 ; cp. Reuterdahl :
i. 205). In the meantime an important and statesman
like plan, partly conceived by Charles the Great, was being
matured for the establishment and government of the
Church in Northern Germany, and was enlarged so as to
embrace the newly-opened regions. Without following
in detail the changes \vhich it was found necessary to intro
duce into this plan, owing to untoward circumstances and
conflicting ecclesiastical interests, it is sufficient to state
that Anskar was consecrated first Archbishop of Hamburg
in 831 A.D., by Drogo of Metz (one of the sons of Charles
the Great), Ebo of Reims and others, with a view to the
oversight of the northern missions. This arrangement
received the approval of Pope Gregory IV., who gave
Anskar the pallium, and entrusted the mission to him with
out withdrawing the authority already given to Ebo. The
two archbishops, however, seem to have worked together,
not only without friction, but with genuine affection.
After considerable difficulties caused by the loss of the
estate of Turholt, given by the Emperor Lewis as an
endowment of the see, and the burning of Hamburg by
the Danes, it was at length decided that the see of Ham
burg and the older foundation of Bremen should be united.
This took place with the consent of Pope Nicolas I. in
864 A.D., and Bremen became the archbishop s residence.
During the interval between his consecration and his re
moval to Bremen Anskar again prosecuted the Danish
mission, and joined with Ebo in consecrating Ebo s
nephew, Gautbert, under the name of Simon, as bishop
for Sweden (V. A., ch. 21 ; Adam, ch. 14).
Gautbert must therefore rank as the first Swedish bishop.
He was a friend of the famous Rabanus Maurus, Arch
bishop of Mainz, who addressed a letter to him, Ad
Simoncm magnum saccrdotcm and "
Bishop of the
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