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io8 III. THE ROMANIZED CHURCH (A.D. 11301389).
Malar, had its monastery at Viby, afterwards moved to
Julita. Upland had Byarum, removed to Skokloster or
Skogkloster (the forest monastery), long the chateau of the
Wrangel family, but now that of the Brahes. It contains
the famous collection of spoils from the Thirty Years War.
Lastly, the island of Gotland had Gutvalla or Roma,
which has been state property since the Reformation.
Thus, nearly every large province of Sweden proper came
to have a seat of retired religious life, after the ascetic
model, between the years 1143 1164, besides the cathe
drals, with their clergy, more or less forming a society,
though not yet a chapter, which were in the principal
towns. All this shows an intelligent plan, which many
reasonably suppose to have been largely framed by Eskil,
whose long episcopate gave time for the perfecting of
carefully-planned measures of Church policy.
The pope was, however, quite ready to give Sweden fur
ther relative independence, coupled, of course, with closer
dependence on the centre, on the principle
"
Do ut des."
In 1152, the first Swedish Council was held at Linkoping
by the Englishman, Nicolas Brakespear, Cardinal of Alba,
afterwards Pope Hadrian IV. He had come as nuncio
from Pope Eugenius III. (the pupil of St. Bernard), and
had established an archbishop at Trondhjem for Nor
way, and was prepared to do the same in Sweden. He
made a greater impression on the North than any foreigner
who had hitherto visited the country. It was, ho\vever,
impossible to get the rival kings and the prelates of the
different parts of Sweden to agree upon the place and per
son. For the pre-eminence of Upsala over Linkoping was
not yet quite settled, and the pallium which had been
brought to invest the new archbishop was left with Eskil
of Lund for future use. At this Synod of Linkoping, the
East-Gothic king, Sverker, was present, and assented to
the payment of Peter s-pence, thus following the example
just set in Norway. The custom of all men bearing
weapons was also forbidden. I
imagine that the silence
of this council in respect to the question of clerical mar-
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