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i-o IV. THE ROMANIZED CHURCH (A.D.
Jarler (1232), in whose time the Council of Skeninge was
held, John III., Bishop of Abo, a Pole (1289), and Petrus
Philippi (1332). One was a Franciscan, Laurentius, who
succeeded Jarler in 1285. One was a Birgittine of Vad-
stena, Johannes Haquini, in the time of Eric of Pomerania
(1412). Two other Dominicans were bishops of Vesteras
(1329, 1332), and two Birgittines bishops of the same see
in 1441 and 1454.
In most cases the choice of the chapter fell upon
dignitaries or canons of their own body, or at least secular
clergy of their own diocese. Even when the popes
**
pro
vided
"
clergy to high office, they mostly chose Swedes,
who, of course, were obliged to pay heavily for their pro
motion. It seems to have been usual for the popes to choose
S\vedes even in the case of ci^r.i:ies less than episcopal.
Hans Hildebrand, to idiom I am indebted for much of my
information on the subject, only names one Italian
"
pro
vided
"
in 1353 to the Provostship of Upsala, being a man
not in priest s orders, one German and one Dane (5?. Af.,
book v., 148-9). Thus the Swedish Church was very
national, even when it was most fully under Roman
influence.
As regards birth, the bishops were mostly from families
who had a right to hear arms* Few were townsmen or
burghers, though some of die most important men in the
last period were of this class. Such seem to have been the
notorious Johannes Jerechini, and the two brothers,
Johannes and Olaus Magni, Conrad Rogge, Bishop of
Strengnas, Hemming Gad, elect of Linkoping, and Hans
Brask, bishop of the same see.
These facts do much to explain the political attitude of
the bishops and dignified clergy who sided on the whole
rather with the nobility and the union party than with the
peasar.rs.
On the other hand, the failure of the papal curia to press
the Roman international system to its full development,
and the comparative absence of the scandals of indulgence-
mongering (except in the last years of the period) account
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