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whole import of rolled and smelted iron which is
permitted to enter Russia — 6552 tons — is therefore sent
almost to the last pound.
Among the output of pig-iron we have still to
mention the work from the forges, amounting altogether
in 1899 to about 8000 tons of a value of 3 million
marks against 2700 tons in 1893, 4000 in 1890
(which was a better year), and only 1700 in 1886.
Included in this amount are various implements, such
as axes, hoes, forks, a good many horse-shoes, and not
less than 6000 tons of nails. Wire nails are an
especial feature of this industry, and the insignificant
and lessening amount of these now imported only
includes very small nails. The production is protected
by high duties, from one of 11 marks 80 penni per
100 kilo on wire nails, up to 14 marks 70 penni per
100 kilo on other kinds. There are at least five
rather large factories, three on the river Loimijoki,
one of these belonging to the Jokkis Company and
the two others to a company which also owns another
factory in the neighbouring city of Abo, and another
at Pero near Viborg. Their continued existence,
however, is probably mainly due to high protective
duties.
If we have not much confidence in the future of
this historical and still interesting industry, it is chiefly
because, notwithstanding its production of raw material
for other industries, it is protected by high duties which,
small as they are compared to those in Russia, are
still harmful and contrary to all sound economic
principles. Finland has not the best quality of iron
ore, and the time is past when wood and charcoal
were regarded as the best fuel. English coal is more
and more needed; from 1893 to 1898 the
consumption of this increased from 5000 to about
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