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date from the seventeenth century, and have held
an important place in the early economic history of
the country; but, as is natural, have nearly all now
changed the character of their productions. Of lesser
iron-works and engineering workshops, with a chiefly
local trade, there are about fifty. At present, as we
have said, it is chiefly the manufacture of machinery
and other articles used in the country which has been
progressing, and this will undoubtedly continue to
progress.
Side by side with the great manufacturing establishments
the work of the artisans has also made progress.
Their output has increased in value from 3 million
marks in 1893, and 4 millions in 1891 (its former
maximum) to 8½ millions in 1898. Some of their
trades are a natural result of modern progress, such as
electric work; others are in answer to a purely local
demand, and will necessarily remain manual work.
Others, again, represent antiquated forms of industry,
and are being superseded by the larger establishments.
Curiously enough, certain artisans increase in number
in bad times, the reason being that the larger works
cannot then give them anything to do.
The great water-power of the country has created
new works for the production of acetylene-light
material. The works are at Hämekoski in Ruskiala, and
at Linnakoski near Imatra, from which latter place it
is intended to conduct the power into St. Petersburg.
Already, however, like the establishments in other
countries for the production of calcium carbide, these
new establishments are finding difficulty in selling
their product. Efforts have been made to form a
joint trust with similar works in Sweden and Norway,
but one of the new works has been, it is said, obliged
to stop because of the difficulties of sale. At
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