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consequent fluctuations in the import. In 1898 the
value of their products was returned at 6 million
marks, after the bad harvest of 1897; in 1895 it
was only 1½ million; in 1893, after another bad year,
it was 4¾ million marks; in 1892 nearly 7 millions;
in 1890 again only 1½ million.
The growth of the sugar refineries is also due to a
protective tariff, and it is undoubtedly by this means
that their output for 1899 reached the large sum
of 18 million marks, against only 9⅓ million in 1889.
Nearly the whole amount is produced by two large
refineries, the Tölö at Helsingfors and the Aura at
Åbo. If we add the amount of refined sugar
imported, we have a total consumption worth about
22 million marks, double what it was a few years
ago; a good illustration of the increased wealth of
the people. Since 1897 raw sugar from Russia has
a smaller import duty, with the result that now all
sugar is bought from the Russian beet-sugar factories,
which, as our readers may know, form a kind of
trust in sugar under the direction of the Russian
Minister of Finance. This decrease in duty has
diminished the revenue of the Finnish Treasury by
several millions, but it also included a fresh increase
in the protective duties, to the advantage of the
refineries.
The bakeries produced bread to the value of
5 million marks in 1898, against 2½ millions in 1889,
another proof of better living among the people. It
is especially a consequence of a larger use of
wheat-flour, to which we shall refer later.
An exception to the general industrial progress
is furnished by the distilleries, which in 1898
produced only 6¾ million marks’ worth of brännvin or
Scandinavian whisky against 11⅓ million marks in
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