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1654.]
Devastation of Bavaria
by the allies. CHRISTINA’S ADMINISTRATION. Peace of Westphalia.
Acquisitions of Sweden. 331
we see the two generals united at the beginning
of April in Franconia, while the Imperialists and
Bavarians, who had conceived new hopes of driv-
ing the Swedes across the Weser, weakened by
scarcity and excesses, hastened back over the
Danube to the defence of Bavaria. A war of de-
vastation and vengeance, like Baner’s against
Saxony, a war full of robbery, assassination, burn-
ing, and ravage, was commenced against unfor-
tunate Bavai’ia, otherwise without remarkable oc-
currences, as also without victories deserving of the
name; for the battle of Susmarshausen, fought in
the neighbourhood of Augsburg on the 7th of May,
which cost general Melander his life, was rather a
bloody skirmish, wherein Konigsmark surrounded
and cut down a portion of the hostile army, than
a decisive action. Meanwhile the confederates
pressed on to the Inn; while Konigsmark, who had
taken the Weimar regiments into his force, and
separated from Wrangel (the more gladly that
they did not agree *), went to Bohemia, and on the
31st of July made himself master by surprise of
the so-called Little Side (Kleinseite) of Prague,
where an immense booty was gained. This was
the last achievement of the war, since Wi-angel
and Turenne were at last compelled to recross the
Lech ;
and although Charles Gustavus, now ap-
pointed generalissimo, arrived with reinforce-
ments from Sweden, and in conjunction with
Konigsmark and Wittenberg laid vigorous siege
to Prague, yet the town itself, through the heroism
of its inhabitants, remained untaken. The cam-
paign of this last year in the end became a serious
gentle terms which he could choose, but in fine signifying to
him positively, that our armies and garrisons will act against
his, so long as he shall have the Swedes for enemies. Mean-
while, he has put all his troops in action." (Nous n’estions
capables de donner dans ce piege, &c.) Extract of a letter
from M. le visconte de Cournal to colonel St. Andre. May-
ence, Dec. 25, 1647. C. G. Wrangel’s correspondence. The
charges by which Turenne put oft’ the junction, related to the
Weimar regiments.
8 Torstenson writes from Segersioe, Jan. 29, 1G4S, that he
had received Wrangtl’s letter of Nov. 10, 1647, in which the
latter stated, that the queen had ordered him to observe a
good comportment towards Konigsmark, and give no occa-
sion for discord and jealousy. Torstenson, with his usual
prudence, mentions that no such misunderstanding between
the generals was known to hira. Yet this is contradicted by
his own confession, that Konigsmark had written to him and
others, that he wished his discharge. From the transmitted
correspondence of Wrangel with Kbnigsmaik, Torstenson
does not find that the latter had reason to be offended, since
all must depend on the head. Most of the other oiBcers
were also dissatisfied vfith Wrangel,
" as one who was still
very young, arrogant, selfish, and by no means liberal."
Puffendorf, xx. § 60. For this reason also, the nomination
of Charles Gustavus to be generalissimo was well-liked by
the armies. In compensation, Wrangel was now likewise
made governor-general of Pomerania (which oflSce Torsten-
son had hitherto filled), and received Bremer- vbrde in dona-
tion. The queen wrote to him, August 29, 1648, that the
new generalissimo would advise on all subjects with him ;
and Charles Gustavus, In an autograph letter, entreats his
counsels.
9
April 29, 1648, the queen writes to the commissioners
for the peace at Osnaburg :
" Ye must stipulate for us, in
taking possession of the fiefs, a more honourable mode than
hitherto has been observed with the kings of Denmark and
the princes of the Roman empire, so that the fiefs may not
be conferred upon us, nor we receive them by our envoys,
with flexure of the knee, or the like dubious fashion and
ceremonies." Reg.
attempt at a double combined attack of Austria
from Bavaria and Bohemia. It likewise brought
about the peace. The treaty of Westphalia was
j
signed on the ^Jth October, 1648, in Osnaburg and
Munster at the same time. Sweden received Fore
Pomerania, Rugen, a part of Hinder Pomerania
to the Oder, with Stettin and Gartz, the island of
WoUin, and the three mouths of the Oder; beyond
that stream, Damm and Golnau; in Mecklenburg,
Wismar with the districts of Poel and New-
Cloister, with Bremen and Verden, all as fiefs of
the German empire ^.
The armies had had their own plenipotentiaries
at the pacificatory congress. Their satisfaction
was the last point settled, and ultimately the
demands were lowered from much higher sums to
5,000,000 rix-dollars ^’’,
of which eighteen tons gold
(1,800,000 i-ix-dollars) were to be immediately
paid, while for twelve tons gold (1,200,000 rix-
dollars) assignations were given, and for the re-
maining 2,000,000 promissory notes *. Out of the
first payment every horseman received 40 rix-
dollars, every foot-soldier 12, the native Swedish
troops three months’ pay, and thft officers larger
and smaller sums *,
with the promise that as much
would be added one or two years after their dis-
charge, as soon as the 2,000,000 had been re-
ceived. This appears never to have taken place,
for these 2,000,000 were partly applied in clearing
the so-called German Debt Register ’, partly re-
mitted by free consent*; and in general the com-
missaries were instructed not to drive matters in
this respect to extremities, especially as the iu-
10 1’
We were fully minded to hold out here somewhat
longer in the matter of her majesty’s soldiers ; but since the
states, now that they are ready witli France, daily solicit us
to subscribe the instruments of the peace, we cannot longer
tarry in it without the greatest blame from the queen’s
majesty." John Oxenstierna to C. G. Wrangel, Osnaburg,
Oct. 13, 1648. The opinions of both Wrangel and Torstenson
were taken in the matter. (If the rix-dollar were is. 6d. the
sum of 5,000,000 would be equivalent to £1,250,000. T.)
1
The queen to Charles Gustavus, Nov. 22, 1648: "The
more profit your lovingness can draw out of this money for
us and the realm, without discredit among the soldiers, the
better." Reg.
2 The project of the college of war how the army shall be
paid, sent to Charles Gustavus April 16, 1649, purports, be-
sides what we have quoted respecting the privates, that of
the first instalment Charles Gustavus should receive 60,000
rix-dollars, Gustave Horn 30,000, Torstenson 30,000, C. G.
Wrangel 30,000, Baner’s children 12,000, Lilyehcek’s widow
6000, Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie 22,500, Axel Lilye 15,000,
Arvid Wittenberg 15,000, Konigsmark 12,000, Gustave Otto
Stenbock 9000, each of the lieutenant generals 7500, of the
i
major-generals 6000, of the adjutant-generals 3000, &c. A
pension-list of June 28, 1648, assigned on the revenues of
the Swedish possessions in Germany, and if these did not
sutfice, on the French subsidies, bears in addition, for
Charles Gustavus, 40,000 rix-dollars, for C. G. Wrangel
15,000, for Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie 10,000, for twenty-
three colonels 1000 each, &c. Reg.
3 Claims on account of the army since the death of Gus-
tavus Adolphus, amounting to 590,084 rix-dollars. The factor
Drost, of Lubeck, nevertheless, received his claim of 20,000
rix-dollars from the money of the first instalment. Reg.
April 16, 1649.
* Thus it was written to Charles Gustavus Jan. 3, 1649,
that the Landgravine of Hesse should be freed from her con-
tingent. Reg. The same took place with the Palatinate and
Worms. The army was dismissed at three terms, which
was not accomplished without mutiny.
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