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Birger Jarl 65
of the Baltic, up to the Gulf of Finland. But suddenly
the subjugated peoples arose, and nearly all of Den-
mark’s proud Baltic dominion was lost forever.
About the middle of the thirteenth century there be-
gan in Denmark a period of civil strife and misrule
extending over a hundred years, during which the
royal power was weakened, the spiritual and temporal
lords usurped the powers of the government, and a
serious oppression of the common people followed.
CHAPTER V
THE LATER CATHOLIC PERIOD IN SWEDEN
A. THE REGENCY OF BIRGER JARL
Development of Commerce. On the death of Eric
the Lisper and the Lame, the direct line of St. Eric
came to an end, and Waldemar, son of Birger Jarl, was
chosen king. His mother was the great-granddaughter
of St. Eric. His father, Birger Jarl, remained the ac-
tual ruler, however, for Waldemar was young and not
very strong.
As regent Birger rendered great service to the king-
dom. He labored especially- to increase the national in-
come by promoting the growth of commerce. He en-
tered into an agreement with Liibeck and Hamburg,
Germany’s chief commercial cities along the Baltic
and the North Sea, that when their merchants came to
Sweden to traffic they should be exempt from all tolls
and tariffs. He wanted his people to learn the methods
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