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256 A History of Sweden
duty. And the commander was not the man to teach
them the lesson. When a subsequent Riksdag was sum-
moned, the officers left their command to engage in the
less strenuous and more agreeable task of attending
the Riksdag. The soldiers despised their officers and
imitated their insubordination.
The Capitulation in Helsingfors. Under such cir-
cumstances the campaign of 1742 became one continu-
ous retreat from one strong position to another at the
mere mention of the approach of the enemy. At Hel-
singfors the Swedes should have been able to defend
themselves, but the army was in a state of dissolution,
and the commander could do nothing but subscribe to
the Capitulation of Helsingfors in 1742, by which the
Swedish forces withdrew from Finland. Of the sol-
diers transported to Finland only one-third returned
home, the rest had perished from sickness, want, and
exposure. Only a small part had fallen in battle. Thus,
for instance, in the report of one regiment, in which
the losses were 700, only two had fallen in battle.
The Treaty of Abo, 1743. By this treaty Sweden
ceded to Russia a small strip of southeastern Finland,
east of Lake Saima and the River Kymmene. But the
easy terms were purchased by the election of Adolph
Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, a kinsman of
Empress Elizabeth of Russia, as heir to the Swedish
throne. Ulrica Eleonora had died during the war, 1741,
leaving no heir to the throne.
Such were the results of the efforts of the Hats to
recover southeastern Finland and conquer St. Peters-
burg.
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