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420 A History of Sweden
Birger, (Magnusson), king, 71, 73
Birger Jarl regent, 63, 65; his benevo-
lent legislation, 66; Sweden’s first
real statesman, 67
Birgitta, 80-85; childhood and parent-
age, 80 ; visions, 81 ; marriage, 82 ;
revelations, 82 ; asceticism, 83 ; vows,
83; founded Vadstena cloister, 83;
made pilgrimage to Rome, 84;
protested against "Babylonian Cap-
tivity" of pope, 84; canonized, 85
Birka, chief city, 43
Bjork, Eric, pastor in New Sweden,
398
Bjornson, Bjornstjerne, poet and novel-
ist, 372
Black Death, Oriental plague, 77
Black Sea, viking waters,. 35
Blekinge, province, 20, 30
Bo Jonsson Grip, chancellor, 85; Swe-
den’s richest lord, 85; tyranny of,
86
Boberg, Ferdinand, architect, 380
Bohuslan, province, 20
Bonaparte, Napoleon, emperor of
France, 164, 302, 319, 320
Borjeson, John, sculptor, 379
Bornholm, battle of, 143
Brahe, Per, Count of Visingsborg, 177 ;
quoted, 123, 184
BrSnnkyrka, battle of, 95
Brask, Hans, bishop, 114
Breitenfeld, battle of, 158, second bat-
tle of, 174
Bremer, Fredriea, champion of worn-
man’s rights, 350; author, 351
Bromsebro, treaty of, 176
Bronze Age, 10-13; amber and fur
trade, 10; copper found, 10; beliefs,
13; importation of bronze, 10; buna!
customs, 13; inscription, 11; sun
worship, 12
BrunbSck Ferry, battle of, 104
Brunkeberg, battle of, 92
Campanius, John, pastor of Trinicum,
395; missionary to Indians, 395;
translated Catechism for them, 395;
prepared vocabulary of their tongue,
395
Canal construction, 341
Caps party, origin of, 253
Cap party, Younger, 274; foreign poli-
cy of, 274
Carelians converted, 71
Carlson, Fredrik Ferdinand, states-
man and historian, 357
Casimir, John, Count Palatinate, 186
Caspian sea sailed by vikings, 37
Castles, 70, 177-80
Catechism in Delaware Indian lan-
guage, 395
Catherine (Jagellonica) , queen, 134
Catherine (Karin Mansdotter), queen,
130
Catherine II, empress of Russia, 283
Catholic period, early, 57-65; late, 65-
87
Cavalry for defense, 68
Cederstrom, Gustav, painter, 376
Celibacy enjoined on priesthood, 60
Celsius, Anders, scientist, 262
Celsius, Olof, scientist, 266
Characteristics of ancient race, 28 ;
courage, 28; endurance, 28; skill in
battle, 29;
Charlemagne, European emperor, 42
Charlea IX, regent, 135 ; reign of, 139-
144; mining developed, 139; land
improvement, 140; administration o
economy and justice, 140-141 ; war
with Poland, 141; with Russia, 142;
with Denmark, 143 ;
Charles X Gustavus chosen heir to the
throne, 184; reign of, 186-194; the
Resumption Act, 188; war with
Poland, 188; first war with Den-
mark, 189; crossing of the Belts,
190; invasion of Denmark, 191; ac-
quisitions by treaty of Roskilde, 191 ;
second Danish war, 191 ; retreat from
siege of Copenhagen, 194
Charles XI, reign of, 195-217; peace
treaties with Poland, Denmark, and
Russia, 195; misrule during regency,
195 ; education and character of
Charles, 197 ; war with Denmark,
197; defeat at Oland, 200; snapper
warfare, 201; victory at Lund, 202;
regents called to account, 203; new
resumption acts, 204; merciless con-
fiscation of estates, 205; absolutism
established, 206; new naval defense,
206; "Gray Cloak," patron of the
peasantry, 207; church and educa-
tion promoted, 208 ; witchcraft courts
abolished, 209; crop failures and
famine, 211
Charles XII, reign of, 217-240; train-
ing and adventures, 218; opening of
the Great Northern War, 220 ; triple
attack on Swedien, 220; Denmark
defeated, 221 ; war with Russia, 221 ;
victory at Narva, 222; war with
Poland, 223; capture of Lemberg,
224; Charles ousts August II and
has Stanislaus appointed king, 225;
war with Russia renewed, 226; Ma-
zeppa’s proposed alliance, 228; de-
feat at Poltava, 229; campaign
against Danes, 233; retreats to Tur-
key, 234; Turkish-Russian war, 234;
outstays his welcome, 235; driven
from Bender, 235 ; returns home, 236 ;
country depopulated and destitute,
237; war in Norway, 239; king shot
down at Fredrikssten, 240
Charles XIII, duke and regent, 300,
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