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expressed it, until the private tutor, a Panslavist
naturalist, who was able to inspire confidence, fortified by his
diploma, measured the head and gave the formal declaration
that this head had never rested on the body of a
prehistoric Christian, but on a mammoth. The subject
is well fitted for a Russian farce, only it would never be
printed or acted.
The workmen in this district lived in barracks. One
hundred and fifty workmen slept in a narrow room.
Bunks were built up on the walls, so that they lay and
slept as in berths on board a ship, except that these
bunks or benches were so wide that the workmen lay
with their heads against the walls and their feet towards
the middle of the floor. There was no other furniture in
the room, nothing whatever, — no pillows, no carpet, no
chair, no table. The furnishing was exactly like a
dog-kennel. This unfortunate condition depends on the fact
that there are everywhere found contractors who keep
hundreds of workmen in the vicinity of the large
manufactories, to let them out as soon as there is need of them.
The food they get is a porridge which is scarcely cooked.
The rest is uneatable bread and undrinkable kvas with a
few pieces of cucumber in it.
A female physician gave the following account of a
visit to one of these barracks: A woman was expecting
her confinement in a little room where eight persons
were lying about her. When I was called, I was obliged
to shove them aside in order to deliver the woman. They
saw what was coming, shrugged their shoulders a little,
and went to sleep.
The poorest workmen in this manufactory, where
mandrels are made, earn 17 cents a day, the more
skilful 27 cents, and the best workmen 43 cents.
This is the human material which the young men and
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