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i9i4] TURKEY ENTERS THE WAR 329
aroused anger and fear in those very people whom we
were supposed to be liberating. The stupid
persecution of the Uniate clergy; numerous cruelties practised
against the Jews who yet could not change their nature in
a day and cease to serve a regime secretly under which
they had prospered; marked malevolence displayed
towards Polish proprietors and employes—all this did
not secure to us the sympathies of the " Ruthenes "
who were already working up their future " Ukrainian"
exploits and who hated us perhaps quite as much as the
Poles and Jews did. And what was worse : the fate of
Galicia under the ephemeral Russian domination served
as a warning to the other Slav countries of the Hapsburg
Monarchy who began to dread the " liberty" which
would be brought to them by the Russian Army, followed
by the troop of the "Tchinovniks" and the political
bishops with the famous Eulogios at the head !
Towards the spring of 1915 the general situation was
as follows : the Russian armies, victorious everywhere,
were occupying the whole of Galicia, and in the high
valleys of the Carpathians were engaged in a sanguinary
but still undecided contest with the German troops which
had come to reinforce their weakening allies. In Poland
we had twice repelled the advance of the Germans on
Warsaw, and we held a bit of East Prussia as far as the
shores of the Masurian Lakes. In the Caucasus we had
succeeded in thoroughly beating the Turkish Army
which, during the first months of the war, had at one time
thought of invading Georgia. Meanwhile, on the French
front the war had decidedly adopted the character of
trench-warfare, and the trenches extended from the
North Sea to the Jura!
Stagnation was threatening to set in and already
every one quoted the words of Kitchener, who had said
that the war would last from three to five years, and
more likely five than three.
Turkey’s entry into the war increased sfill more the
importance of the position that Sweden was taking or
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