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havde hele denne Sommer et for de besøgte Farvande
vistnok usædvanligt smukt Vejr. der ikke alene tillod, at der
blev arbejdet paa saamange flere Stationer end den første
Sommer, men Arbejdet paa hver enkelt Station blev
udført med Ro og Lethed, og der var fuld Anledning for
Zoologerne til strax at foretage de foreløbige og som oftest
vigtigste Iagttagelser, hvilket det hyppigt det første Aar
blev aldeles umuligt at udføre paa Grund af Skibets
voldsomme Bevægelser.
1878.
Uen for dette Aar vedtagne Plan. der ledsagedes af
et Kart over de eventuelle Stationer, var saalydende:
Ved Expeditiouens Rejser i 1876 og 1877 ere
Undersøgelserne af det norske Hav i de Retninger, der ere
Expeditionen Formaal, naaede til den 71 de Breddegrad. Hvad
der staar tilbage, er saaledes den nordenfor den nævnte
Breddegrad liggende Del af det europæiske Ishav, der om
Sommeren er navigabel uden Hindringer, foraarsagede
ved Is.
Den JJel af dette Hav. der ligger mellem Nordkap,
Spidsbergen. Novaja-Semlja og Nord-Ruslaud — kaldet
Østishavet. Novaja-Semlja-Havet eller det Murmanske Hav
— vides ifølge Observationer fra Finmarkens Kyster og
fra Havet søndenom og østenom Beeren-Eiland at være
for hele den sydlige og vestlige Dels Vedkommende fyldt
med. Vand! der holder Varmegrader. Det synes at være
fra dette Hav at Lodden, der giver Finmarken sit bekjendte
Vaartorskfiske. kommer ind tjl den norske Kyst. Da
Grændsen for begge disse Fiskearters Vandring antagelig
er omtrent der. hvor det varme Vand ved Havbunden
afløses af iskoldt Vand. maa det ansees for at være af stor
Interesse at faa bestemt, i alle Fald i større Omrids,
Beliggenheden af den Linie, der betegner Grændsen mellem
det varme og det iskolde Vand ved Havbunden i
Østishavet samt de øvrige fysiske og biologiske Forhold paa begge
Sider af denne Grændse. Forholdene ere her i mange
Henseender overensstemmende med dem paa Kystbankerne
paa Norges Vestkyst, men vise ogsaa Forskjelligheder
derfra og frembyde saaledes et Felt for Studiet af" saavel
Havstrømningernes Natur som af Dyrelivets Forhold, der er
af høj Betydning for disses Forklaring i sin Almindelighed.
Til at lette denne Undersøgelse tjener for det første
den Omstændighed, at Østishavet er forholdsvis grundt —
de største Dybder naa ikke 300 Favne. Desuden er
Nord-grændsen for det varme Vand ved Bunden paa en større
Den norske Nordliavsexpedition. C. Wille: Expeditionen;- Historie.
temperatures. Throughout the "entire season the weather
continued remarkably tine for the high latitudes in which
the Expedition had to cruise; and this fortunate
circumstance admitted not only of our extending! the exploratory
work to a greater number of observing-stations than the
year before, — at every single station, this could in
consequence be accomplished with precision and comparative
facility; moreover, ample opportunity was afforded the
zoologists of instituting on ship-board their preliminary and.
as a rule, most important observations?" which, on the
preceding cruise, had so frequently proved impossible, owing
to the violent motion of the vessel.
1878.
The Scheme approved for this year, to which had
been appended a Diagram showing the position of each
observing-station. ran as follows: —
As the result of its cruises in 1876 and 1877. the
Expedition has investigated the Norwegian Sea in the
several directions that had necessarily to be taken for the
attainment of the object proposed, up to the 71st parallel of
latitude. Hence, what remains to be explored is the tract
of the Arctic Ocean in Europe stretching north of the said
line, and which in the summer months may be navigated
without impediment from ice.
The section of this ocean-basin lying between the
North Cape. Spitzbergeu. Novaja Zemlja, and Northern
Russia — differently designated as the East Arctic Ocean,
the Novaja Zemlja Sea. the Murman Sea. and the Barentz
Sea — is known, from observations instituted on the coasts
of Finmark and in the open sea south and east of Beeren
Eiland. to be tilled with water of a temperature above 0°
throughout the southern and western tracts. It is from
this sea. apparently, that the capelan. the little fish to
which Finmark is indebted for her spring cod-fishery,
repairs to the Norwegian coast. The boundary that marks
the migratory distribution of these two fishes, lying, we have
reason to believe, about where the warm and cold
bottom-water meet, it is obviously of great importance to
determine — if not in detail, at least broadly — the line
bounding the warm and cold areas at the bottom of the East
Arctic Ocean, together with the physical and biological
conditions dominant on either side. The general conditions
there have in many respects not a little in common with
those of the coastal banks off the western shores of
Norway; but, differing materially in some, they present, as
regards the nature of ocean-currents and the conditions of
animal life, a specially valuable field of elucidative research.
Exploratory work in this tract will be much facilitated
by reason of the comparative shallowness of the East
Arctic Ocean. — the greatest depths not even reaching 300
fathoms. Besides, the northern boundary of the warm
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