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Havdybets Kuldegrader i Afstand fra Landet. Det er
kun ved Grønland og i Grøndlandshavet, ut Kuldegraderne
stige op til Overfladen, ellers indtages de af de dybere Partier.
Et opmerksomt Studium af Temperaturens Fordeling
paa Havbunden imellem Nulgradslinien og Kysten, eller
det varme Yands Fordeling paa Kystbankerne viser, at
Temperaturen i Regelen ikke aftager stadig fra Kysten
(Overfladen) til Nulgradslinien, men at Forholdet er det,
at den først er noget lavere under Land, i de ringere Dybder,
derpaa i større Afstand fra Land, længere ude paa
Banken, er højere og naar, i samme Tversnit, et Maximum, og
fra dette af synker den stadig mod 0° med stigende Afstand
fra Kysten. Forholdet finder paa Kartet sit grafiske
Udtryk i Isothermernes Tungeform. Vi iagttage det söndenfor,
vestenfor og nordenfor Island, mellem Shetland og Norge,
paa de norske Kystbanker og paa Vestspidsbergens Banker.
Söndenfor og tildels vestenfor Island ligger en
Maximum-zone paa 7° og ß°. Isothermen for 5° strækker sin Tunge
rundt Islands nordvestre Hjørne og videre østover til 20° W.
Lgd. Paa Vestsiden af Færø-Island-Ryggen gaar en Tunge
med 4° op mod Island. Færøerne omsluttes af Isothermen for
8°, medens Temperaturen i Thorshavn ikke er højere end
7°.9. 1 Nordost for Shetland ligge Isothermerne for 9°,
8° og 7° med sine Tungespidser mod Nordost. Isothermen
for 5° omslutter det indre Parti af den norske Rende fra
Udsire til inderst i Skagerak. Udenom den ligger
Isothermen for C>° med en Tunge mod Nord udenfor Norges Vestkyst.
Videre mod Nord se vi Isothermen for 7° med sin Tungespids
lidt Nord for den 65. Breddegrad, medens don berører Land
allerede paa 63°.5. Isothermen for 6° sender en Arm ind
til det Inderste af Vestfjorden, hvor Temperaturen i den
derværende Fordybning, der naar ned til over 340 Favne
(Station 255), er over 6°, og en anden smal Arni udenfor
Lofoten og Vesteraalen indtil Andenes (69° N. Br.), medens
den berører Land ved (56° N. Br. Omkring Lofoten ligger et
Belte med en Temperatur af under 5°. Isothermen for
5° rækker paa Banken op til 71° N. Br., men findes ved
Kysten saa langt nede som ved Andenes (69°). I Østhavet
aftager Temperaturen stadig fra Kysten af mod Nord og
mod Øst. I Syd for Spidsbergens Sydkap trænger en iskold
Arni frem fra Storfjorden mod Sydvest, uden dog, som det
synes, at naa frem til Ishavsdybets iskolde Vand. (Se
Side 68). Udenfor Spidsbergens Vestkyst omslutter
Isothermen for 2° et Par Varmemaxima ledsaget af
Isothermerne çfor 1° og 0°. Under Land er Vandet iskoldt, ude
paa Banken er det varmere. Paa dan Mayen-Banken sees
et lidet Parti med Vand over 0°.
lies everywhere, as shown by the vertical sections, on the
outer slope of the bank; degrees below 0° are nowhere
found to rise over the edge and extend above the bank.
Hence it is virtually the bank which, by reason of its
form and extent, keeps the cold of the deep at a distance
from land. Off Greenland only, and in the Greenland Sea,
do degrees below 0° rise up to the surface; elsewhere they
occupy exclusively the deeper strata.
A careful study of the distribution of temperature
on the sea-bed between the isotherm for 0° and the
coast, or of the distribution of the warm water on the
coastal banks, will show that the temperature does not] as a
rule diminish gradually from the coast (the surface) to the
isotherm for 0°, but at first is somewhat lower, in the
lesser depths, close to land, whereupon it rises at some
distance from the shore, farther out on the bank, reaching,
in the same transverse section, a maximum, from whence it
sinks gradually down to 0°. with the distance increasing from
the coast. This relation is shown diagrammatically on the
map, with the linguiform isothermal characteristic. We
observe it to the south, west, and north of Iceland, between
Shetland and Norway, on the Norwegian coastal banks
and those of West Spitsbergen. South, and partly west,
of Iceland lies a maximum-zone, with 7° and 6°. The
isotherm for 5° sends off a tongue round the north-western
extremity of Iceland, continuing eastward, to long. 20° W.
On the west side of the Færoe-Iceland Ridge, an isothermal
tongue, with 4°, extends up towards Iceland. The Færoes
are encompassed by the isotherm for 8°, whereas the
temperature in Thorshavn does not reach higher than 7°.9.
North-east of Shetland we have the isotherms for 9°, 8°,
and 7°, with their tongues stretching north-east. The
isotherm for 5° encloses the inner part of the Norwegian
Channel, from Udsire to the eastern limits of the
Skage-rak. Encircling this line, extends the isotherm for 6°, with
a tongue stretching northwards, off the West Coast of
Norway. Still farther north we have the isotherm for 7°,
with its tongue reaching a little to the north of the 65th
parallel of latitude, while it touches land in lat. 63°.5 N.
The isotherm for 6° sends off an arm to the innermost
part of the Vestfjord, where the temperature in the
depression occurring there, which reaches down to more than
340 fathoms (Ståt. 255), is over 6°, and another narrow
arm, off Lofoten and Vesteraalen, to Andenes (lat. 69°N),
whereas it touches land in lat. 66° N. Round Lofoten extends
a belt with a. temperature below 5°. The isotherm for 5°
reaches on the bank up to lat. 71° N, but off the coast is
met with as far south as Andenes (lat. 69° N). In the
Barents Sea, the temperature gradually diminishes from
the coast towards the north and the east. South of the
southern extremity of Spitzbergen (South Cape), an
ice-cold arm strikes off from the Storfjord towards the
southwest, without however apparently reaching the ice-cold
water of the Arctic Deep (See p. 68). Off the west
coast of Spitzbergen, the isotherm for 2° encompasses a
couple of temperature-maxima, accompanied by the
isotherms for 1° and 0°. In immediate proximity to land
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