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131
specifiske Vægt ved J^„"^ har jeg benyttet paa samme
Maade som Havtemperaturerne til Construction af Karter
over dens Fordeling i Overfladen og ved Bunden samt af
verticale Tversnit. Disse tilsammen fremstille den
specifiske Vægts eller den dermed proportionale Saltholdigheds
Fordeling i horizontal og vertical Retning i Nordhavet.
Under dette Arbejde viste der sig enkelte
Uregelmæssigheder, som maatte elimineres, og som jeg her skal gjøre
Rede for.
Udenfor Norges Kyst fra Stad til Lofoten give de
directe Observationer, som Tornøes Kart viser, i Overfladen
meget bugtede Linier for lige Saltholdighed. Disse har
jeg troet at burde udjevne, og jeg har trukket mine Linier
(Pl. XXXIV) langs Kysten uden videre Krumninger.
Bestemmelserne af den specifiske Vægt i Overfladen ere gjorte
med Vand fra Overfladen selv. I denne kunne forskjellige
Aarsager, som Nedbør, sterk Fordunstning, let fremkalde
locale og temporære Afvigelser fra den normale
Saltholdighed1.
I 1877 og 1878 er Saltholdigheden bestemt saavel
ved Aræometer som ved Chlormængden. Som man af
Tornøes Tabeller ser, stemme Resultaterne af disse
Fremgangsmaader i Almindelighed meget vel overens. I disse
Tilfælder har jeg taget Middeltallet af begge, idet jeg,
efter Tornøes Methode, først omgjorde Tallene i hans
Rubrik "Saltmængde efter Chlormængde" til spee. Vægt v.
J .I,,’.’- Paa nogle faa Steder er der større Afvigelser mellem
Aræometer- og Chlorhestemmeiserne. Ved Hjelp af
Karterne og Tversnittene kunde jeg strax se, hvilken af disse
Bestemmelser der sluttede sig bedst til det af de øvrige
Observationer givne System, og denne blev da valgt, med
Udelukkelse af den anden, enten denne var
Chlorbestem-melse eller Aræometerbestemmelse.
Da det var af Interesse at udvide Systemet til
forskjellige Dole af Nordhavet, som vor Expedition ikke kom
til at besøge, har jeg søgt at udfylde dot ved Hjelp af
Iagttagelser fra andre Expeditioner. I første Række
staar her don anden tyske Nordfart2. Da
Aræoineter-observationer fra forskjellige Expeditioner, ialfald de
tidligore, ikke uden videre kunne sammenstilles, mod mindre
de benyttede Instrumenter — hvad her ikke er Tilfældet —
ere blevne directe sammenlignede, og da det lot kan hænde,
at det System, som et Aars Observationer giver, er noget
forskjelligt fra et andet Aars — hvad der i det foreliggende
Tilfælde synes at finde Stod — har jeg anstillet en directe
Sammenligning mellem de tyske Observationer fra
Overfladen og do norske for Strækningen fra Nordsøen til Jan
Mayen. Den fundne Forskjel, anbragt som Correction til
gravity of sea-water at I have applied precisely as
the sea-temperatures for the construction of maps showing
its distribution at the surface and the bottom, as also for
vertical transverse sections. These represent together the
distribution of specific gravity, or the proportionate amount
of salt found in a horizontal or vertical direction
throughout the North Ocean. During the progress of this work
various discrepancies made their appearance, that had to
be eliminated, and for which I shall account.
Off" the coast of Norway, from Stad to Lofoten, the
direct observations set forth in Tornøe’s Map exhibit at
the surface very sinuous lines for an equal proportion of
salt. These I have seen fit to equalize, and have drawn
my lines along the coast (Pl. XXXIV) without giving
them any considerable curvature. The determinations of
specific gravity at the surface have been made with water
taken from the surface itself. Here, divers causes, such as
precipitation, rapid evaporation, may easily occasion local and
temporary deviations from the normal proportion of salt.1
In 1877 and 1878, the amount of "salt was determined
both by the areometer and by the amount of chlorine.
As will appear from Tornøe’s Tables, the results of the
two methods exhibit as a rule very satisfactory agreement.
In such cases, I took the mean of both, after first converting,
according to Tornøe’s mode of procedure, the figures in his
Column: — Amount of Salt by the Amount of Chlorine to
Spec. Gravity at In some cases, the deviation is
rather considerable between the areometer and the chlorine
determinations. By means of the maps and the transverse
sections, I could see at a glance which of the
determinations agreed best with the system based on the other
observations; and this was chosen, to the exclusion of the
other, whether a chlorine or an areometer-determination.
Since it was of interest the system should be
extended to different parts of the North Ocean which
our Expedition had no opportunity of traversing, I sought
to supply the deficiency by means of observations from
other Expeditions. First in this respect stands the second
German Arctic Expedition.3 Since the
areometer-observations from various Expeditions — at least the earlier —
will not admit of comparison unless the instruments made
use of — which was not the case with ours — had been
directly compared; and as it can easily happen that the system
resulting from one year’s observations may be somewhat
different to that from another year’s — which indeed would seem
to have occurred in the present case — 1 instituted a direct
comparison between the German observations from the surface
and the Norwegian for the tract extending from the North
1 Det villie til det Øjemed, hvortil saadanne Observationer
her ere benyttede, nemlig Beregning af Trykket i Dybet, saavelsom
til klimatologiske Øjemed, være bedre at tage Vandprøverne fra et
Dyb af 1 ä 2 Meter.
’- Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, IT. 7.
Aräometerbeobach-tungen. Bearbeitet von C. Borgen. S. 007.
1 For the purpose to which such observations are here applied,
viz., computing the pressure in the deep, as also for certain
cliinatologi-cal studies, it. would be better to take thefc samples of water from a
depth of one or two metres beneath the surface.
2 Zweite Deutsche Nordpolfahrt, II, 7.
Aräometerbeobach-tungen. Bearbeitet von C. Borgen. Page 007.
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