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the site of these forests and the slight value of forestry products
that protected them from complete ruin. Those mountain and
forest regions which at the time of the country’s colonisation
remained without being taken into possession by anybody are
called «almenninger» (commons). The neighbouring settlements
in Norway, as in other Teutonic countries, have always exercised
certain rights to the use of the commons, and these rights were
retained by the peasants of the country when the commons and
Finmarken, at the establishment of the monarchy in the 9th century,
were declared to be the property of the king. The inhabitants
of the neighbouring district are, as a rule, entitled to take from
the forest the timber products necessary for the needs of their
farms, and they also have grazing privileges in the low-land
commons as well as in the mountains, and fishing and hunting
privileges. In former times — from the end of the 17th to the
middle of the 19th centuries — the state disposed of the best
commons when the Exchequer was in need. In this way part of
the forests passed into private ownership, the rest becoming the
property of the inhabited district, being what is called a
district-common [[** orddeling med bindestrek, nedenfor i to ord]] («bygdealmenning»). The administration of the state and
district commons is fixed by law.
It was only in 1857 that an effective control of the public
forests was established in Norway, the attempts which had been
made about the middle of the 18th century to introduce a
regular forest administration having soon been discontinued. The
forestry administration is now a part of the agricultural
department, having a forestry director as its chief, and four forestry
inspectors, 25 forestry managers, 2 forestry assistants, 10 forest
planters, and 358 overseers and rangers as the working staff.
An appraisement of the forests and the preparation of regular
plans for their exploitation have been commenced, commercial
nurseries have been established in several places, as well as
establishments for the collecting and sale of forest-tree seeds, the
largest two being at Hamar and at Voss. Elementary instruction in
the treatment and cultivation of forests is given at three forestry
schools, and advanced instruction at the Agricultural College. In the
course of the last 30 or 40 years, planting and scientific cultivation
of forests have been undertaken both by the state — for instance
in the treeless districts of Jæderen, near Stavanger, where the
state has planted a territory of 4 sq. miles — and by private
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