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customs tarif in France; for owing to this, our export of timber
to that country, which, since the twenties, was of great importance
(see page 413), has been greatly reduced, In 1866 we still
exported 14 million cubic feet of timber to France (value 7.7 million
kroner), but in 1898 only 4 million cubic feet (2.2 million kroner).
— The export of timber to Holland which, during the first half
of the 19th century and even up to the beginning of the seventies
generally amounted to about 7 or 10 million cubic feet, amounted,
in 1898, to only 5.6 million cubic feet; but as it now chiefly
consists of sawn or dreased goods, while in former times it
consisted mainly of rough-hewn timber, the value is not much less
than it was in 1874, and is even larger than it was 50 or 60
years ago (in 1845, 1.7 million kroner, in 1874, 4.2 million kroner,
and in 1898, 3.6 million kroner).
Our trade with the United States, particularly as regards
imports, and with Belgium, exhibits an especially marked increase.
With regard to the chief articles of importation, we may
mention that of the cereals imported, about half comes direct
from Russia (chiefly from the ports on the Black Sea), rather more
than one fourth from Germany (to a certain extent indirectly from
Russia) and the rest chiefly from the United States, Denmark
and Roumania. Textile goods are chiefly imported from Germany
(especially woollen goods) and Great Britain (chiefly cotton and
woollen goods). Of the groceries rather more than half comes from
Germany, and some from the Netherlands, Great Britain, etc.;
coal almost exclusively from Great Britain; manufactured and
unmanufactured metals chiefly from Great Britain, Germany,
Sweden, Belgium and Holland; steamships chiefly from Great Britain;
machinery chiefly from Germany, Great Britain and Sweden; meat
and bacon from Great Britain, Sweden, the United States, Denmark,
etc.; wine chiefly from Germany, Spain, France and Portugal.
As far as the exports are concerned, more than half the
timber (in 1898 57 %) goes to Great Britain and Ireland. Belgium
and Holland, in 1898, received 9 % each, Australia 7 %, France
and Germany each 5 % and South Africa 2 ½ % of our exported
timber. Of wood-pulp two thirds go to the United Kingdom and
the remainder chiefly to France and Belgium. Of the fish products
(in 1898) 23 % went to Germany, 19 % to Sweden, (chiefly
herring), 16 % to Spain (klipfisk), 13 % to Great Britain and Ireland,
7 % to Holland, 6 % to Italy, 4 ½ % to the Russian ports on the
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