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- Commerce and Shipping, by A. Th. Klær
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same person. Some branches of trade may be carried on without
a license. On the other hand, certain articles such as spirits and
poisons, are excepted from ordinary trade, and subject to special
license. In the country districts, general trade-regulations like
those in the towns, were introduced by acts of 1857, 1866 and
1874. Formerly the country trade was much restricted.
By an act of 1818 an Exchange was established in Kristiania,
and subsequently in several other towns, e.g. Trondhjem and Bergen.
The shipping and navigation act now in force, dates from 1893.
X. PILOT SYSTEM.
The basis for the Norwegian pilot system, as at present
regulated, is a Royal Ordinance of 1720, while the Pilotage Act
now in force dates from 1899 (in force since April 1st, 1900), In
places where the king so decrees, there are to be pilot stations.
In 1898 we had in all 148 of these. At the end of 1897, there
were 471 pilots; the number was formerly much larger than now,
the pilotage in later times, on account of the increasing change
from sail to steam shipping, being more concentrated around
certain ports, and the dispatch also quicker. For the purpose of
supervising the pilots, master-pilots have been appointed, numbering
43 in 1898, to some extent assisted by pilot foremen. The chief
administration is in the hands of three superintendents of pilots,
each in his own district.
The pilotage tarif is fixed by law, and the fees depend chiefly
upon the draft, of the vessel, its carrying capacity, and the season.
The fees belong to the pilot who has had charge of a vessel, if
he has the privilege, with the exception of 14 % to the relief
fund for pilots. This fund, which was established in 1805, serves
the purpose of furnishing assistance to old and invalided pilots,
as also to their widows and orphan children. Up to 1900, the
fund also partly served the purpose of covering different expenses
connected with the administration of the pilot system, and formed
a relief fund for master-pilots and their families. The relief
fund receives an annual grant from the Treasury, amounting,
in the financial year 1898—99, to kr. 15,260. Its total receipts
in the financial year 1897—98, amounted to kr. 141,036; at the
beginning of the year 1898, it paid pensions to 398 pilots, 409
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