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four great monarchies, that neutrality in politics
became a means of preserving the balance.
In later times increasing communication and
trade have above all contributed to the
development of neutral laws. Without the
sanction of these, a naval war between two
great nations would have made any maritime
trade all but impossible. Down to the close of
the last century, however, neutral rights were
dependent either on national statutes or on
special treaties concluded between one State
and another. The law only gained certain
international importance towards the close of
the eighteenth century through the neutral
alliances which from time to time were
contracted between States.
In the period between 1780 and 1856 the
subject gained an entrance by degrees among
all maritime nations except England, who,
independent of it, and always relying on her own
strength, continuously sought to maintain
unlimited domination at sea.
In 1854–56 begins, so far as neutrality is
concerned, a new era of international law.
From this time the opposition which
England raised to the practical application of
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