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110 THE PROTEIN SUBSTANCES.
formed, at least in the salmon, is the muscle proteid. The question has
been raised whether the protamines are true proteids or not, and whether
it would not be more correct to consider them as cleavage products of
proteid, or as fractions thereof. According to the generally accepted
view we will treat them as true proteids.
Protamine was discovered by Miescher * in salmon spermatozoa.
Later Kossel and his pupils isolated and studied similar bases from the
spermatozoa of herring, sturgeon, mackerel, and other fishes. As all
these bases are not identical, Kossel uses the name protamines to designate
the group, and calls the individual protamines according to their origin
salmine, clwpeine, scombrine, sturine, cyprinine, cyclopterine, crenilabrine
etc.
They differ materially from the proteins by the fact that they yield
chiefly diamino-acids (always abundant arginine) as cleavage products,
and only a small amount of monamino-acids. They are strongly basic
substances rich in nitrogen (about 30 per cent or more) and have high
molecular weight.
The percentage composition of these bodies has not been satisfactorily
determined. As probable formulae we have for salmine C32H54N18O4
(Miescher, Schmideberg, Nelson), or C30H57H17CV (Kossel and Goto),
for clupeine C30H62N14C9, and for sturine C36H69H19O7 (Kossel) or
C34H71N17O9 (Goto), or according to Malenuck C27H55H13O7 for
sturine from Accipenser Guldenstadtii. On boiling with dilute mineral
acids as also by tryptic digestion, the protamines first yield peptone-
like substances called protones, from which simple products (amino-acids)
are derived on further cleavage. All protamines yield arginine, the four
protamines salmine, clupeine, cyclopterine, and sturine, yielding 87.4,
82.2, 62.5, and 58.2 per cent respectively. In the three protamines sal-
mine, clupeine and scombrine the arginine nitrogen, according to Kossel
and Pringle 2
, amounts to about 89 per cent of the total nitrogen.
Sturine yields besides this the two hexone bases lysine, 12 per cent, and
histidine, 12.9 per cent. Histidine has not been found in any other pro-
1
In regard to protamines, see Miescher, Histochemische und Physiologische
Arbeiten, Leipzig, 1897; Piccard, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. Gesellsch., 7; Schmiedeberg,
Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 37; Kossel, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 22 (Ueber die
basischen Stoffe des Zellkerns), 25, 165 and 190, 26, 40, 44, and 69; and Sitzungsber.
der Gesellsch. zur Beford. der ges. Naturwiss. zu Marburg, 1S97; Berl. klin. Woch-
enschr., 1904; Kossel and Mathews, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 23 and 25; Kossel
and Kutscher, ibid., 31; Goto, ibid., 37; Kurajeff, ibid., 32; Morkowin, ibid., 28;
Kossel and Dakin, ibid., 40, 41, and 44; Malenuck, ibid., 57; Pringle, ibid., 49; Ken-
naway, ibid., 72; Cameron, ibid., 76; F. Weiss, 59, 60 and 78; Nelson, Arch. f. exp.
Path. u. Pharm., 59.
2
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 53.
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