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BLOOD SERUM. 265
Fat occurs from 1-7 p. m. in fasting animals. After partaking of
food the amount is increased to a great extent. Fatty acids, or soaps,
glycerin (Nicloux, Fr. Tangl, and St. Weiser l
) phosphatides and
cholesterin are also found. Cholesterin occurs, according to Hurthle 2
,
at least in part, as fatty-acid esters (serolin according to Boudet). Accord-
ing to Letsche 3 free cholesterin probably also occurs in the serum.
Sugar seems to be a physiological constituent of the plasma and
serum. According to the investigations of many workers 4
the sugar
found is glucose. Strauss 5 has also detected fructose in blood-serum
and in transudates and exudates. The question as to the occurrence
of other varieties of sugar, such as isomaltose (Pavy and Siau) and pen-
tose (Lepine and Boulud 6
), in blood serum is still undecided. Asher
and Rosenfeld and Michaelis and Rona in a more conclusive manner,
have shown that at least a considerable part of the sugar can 1 le removed
from the blood by dialysis, hence it must exist in solution in the free
state. These observations do not exclude the possibility of the existence
of another part of the sugar which is in combination with protein.
Lepine and Boulud 7
could only obtain a diffusion of the sugar by a
short dialysis from serum 12 hours old, but not from perfectly fresh
serum, an observation which somewhat diminishes the conclusiveness
of Michaelis and Rona’s experiment with 24-hour dialysis. A fur-
ther testing of this question is therefore very desirable.
The quantity of sugar in the serum or plasma is for man 0.6-1 p. m.
calculating the total reduction as glucose, and in animals about the same
but in rabbits considerably higher or 2.2 p. m.8 Besides the sugar, the
blood contains, as first shown by J. Otto, also another or perhaps several
reducing substances, a part existing in the serum and another part in the
blood-corpuscles. We will discuss the nature of these bodies as well
as the so-called virtual sugar and glycolysis in speaking of the division
of the sugar in the blood-corpuscles and plasma in connection with
1
Nicloux, Compt. Rend. soc. biol., 55; Tangl and St. Weiser, Pfluger’s Arch., 115.
2
Hurthle, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 21, where Boudet is also cited. In regard
to the quantity of these esters in bird-serum, see Brown, Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 2.
3
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 53.
4
See v. Mering, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1877 (this article contains numerous
references); Seegen, Pfluger’s Arch., 40; Miura, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 32.
8
Fortschritte d. Mediz., 1902.
6
Pavy and Siau, Journ. of Physiol., 26; Lepine and Boulud, Compt. Rend., 133,
135, and 136.
7
Rosenfeld, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 19, p. 449; Lupine and Boulud, Compt. Rend.,
143; Asher, Biochem. Zeitschr., 3; Michaelis and Rona, ibid., 14.
8
See E. Frank, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 70; Lyttkens and Sandgren, Bioch.
Zeitschr., 21 and 26.
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