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QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF BLOOD-PIGMENTS. 303
From what has been said above about the absorption behavior)
the concentration and the extinction coefficient it follows that the quo-
E’
tient of the extinction coefficient — measured at two different parts of
E
the spectrum, independently of the concentration, is a characteristic
constant for the respective pigments. According to Hufner’s figures
this quotient for oxyhemoglobin is 1.58, for haemoglobin 0.76, for
carbon-monoxide haemoglobin 1.10 and for methemoglobin 1.19. But-
terfield l
who has made a thorough investigation on this, finds the
figure 1.58 for normal and pathological human blood as well as for
crystalline human, horse and ox oxyhemoglobin.
The quantity of each coloring-matter may be determined in a mixture
of two blood-coloring matters by this method; this is of special impor-
tance in the determination of the quantity of oxyhemoglobin and
haemoglobin present in blood at the same time.
In order to facilitate these determinations, Hufner 2
has worked
out tables which give the relation between the two pigments existing
in a solution containing oxyhemoglobin and another pigment (hemo-
globin, methemoglobin, or carbon-monoxide hemoglobin), and thus
allowing of the calculation of the absolute quantity of each pigment.
Among the many apparati constructed for clinical purposes fcr the
quantitative estimation of hemoglobin, Fleischl’s hcemometer, which has
undergone numerous modifications, Henoccue’s hwmatoscope, and
Sahli’s hcemometer, are to be specially mentioned. In regard to these
apparati we must refer to larger hand-books and text-books on clinical
methods.
Many other pigments are found besides the often-occurring hemoglobin
in the blood of invertebrates. In a few Arachnide, Crustacea, Gasteropoda?
and Cephalopoda1
a body analogous to hemoglobin, containing copper, hcemo-
cyanin, has been found by P’redericq. By the taking up of loosely bound oxygen
this body is converted into blue oxyhecmocyanin, and by the escape of the oxygen
becomes colorless again. According to Henze 1 gram haunocyanin combines
with about 0.4 cc. oxvgen. It is crvstalline and has the following composition:
C 53.66; H 7.33; N 16.09; S 0.86; Cu 0.38; O 21.67 per cent. On hydrolytic
cleavage with hydrochloric acid Henze found the following division of the nitro-
gen in ha>mocyanin: Of the total nitrogen 5.78 per cent was split off as ammonia,
2.67 per cent as humus nitrogen, 27.65 per cent as diamino nitrogen, and 63.39
per cent as monamino nitrogen. He found no arginine in the cleavage products,
but could detect histidine. lysine, tyrosine, and glutamic acid. A coloring-
matter called chlorocruorin by Lankester is found in certain Chaetopodffi.
Hamcrylhrin, so called by Krukenberg but first observed by Schwalhe. is a
red coloring-matter from certain Gephyrea. Besides luemocyanin we find in the
blood of certain Crustacea the red coloring-matter tetronerythrin (Halliburton),
which is also widely spread in the animal kingdom. Echinochrom, so named
1
Zetischr. f. physiol. Chem.,’62.
2
Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1900.
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