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3132 CHYLE, LYMPH, TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES.
the third day of the healing the quantity of albumin was at least nine-
tenths of the total protein.
The fluid of subcutaneous oedema. This is, as a rule, very poor in
solids, purely serous, does not contain fibrinogen, and has a specific
gravity of 1.005-1.013. The quantity of proteins is in most cases lower
than 10 p. m.—according to Hoffmann 1-8 p. m. —and in serious
affections of the kidneys, generally with amyloid degeneration, less than
1 p. m. has been shown (Hoffmann *). The cedematous fluid also habit-
ually contains urea, 1-2 p. m., and sugar.
The fluid of the echinococcus cyst is related to the transudates, and is
poor in proteins. It is thin and colorless, and has a specific gravity of 1.005-
1.015. The quantity of solids is 14-20 p. m. The chemical constituents are
sugar (2.5 p. m.), inosite, traces of urea, creatine, succinic acid, and salts (8.3-9.7
p. m.). Proteins are found only in traces, and then only after an inflammatory
irritation. In the last-mentioned case 7 p. m. proteins have been found in the fluid.
The Synovial Fluid and Fluid in Synovial Cavities around Joints,
etc. The synovia is hardly a transudate, but it is often discussed in an
appendix to the transudates.
The synovia is an alkaline, sticky, fibrous, yellowish fluid which
is cloudy, from the presence of cell-nuclei and the remains of destroyed
cells, but is also sometimes clear. Besides proteins and salts, it also
contains a mucin substance, synoviamucin (v. Holst 2
). In pathological
synovia, Hammarsten found a mucin-like substance which is not mucin.
It behaves like a nucleoalbumin or a nucleoprotein, and gives no reducing
substance on boiling with acids. Salkowski 3
also found a mucin-like
substance in a pathological synovial fluid, which was neither mucin nor
nucleoalbumin. He called the substance synovin.
The composition of synovia is not constant, but is different in rest
and in motion. In the last-mentioned case the quantity of fluid is less,
but the amount of the mucin-like body, of proteins, and of the extractive
bodies is greater, while the quantity of salts is diminished. This may
be seen from the following analyses by Frerichs.4
The figures repre-
sent parts per 1000.
I. Synovia from II. Synovia from
__ a Stall-fed Ox. a Field-fed Ox.
^ater 969.9 948.5
Solids 30.1 51.5
Mucin-like body 2.4 5.6
Albumin and extractives 15.7 35.1
Fat 0.6 -0.7
Salts 11.3 9.9
1
Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 44.
2
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 43.
’ Hammarsten, Maly’s Jahresber., 12; Salkowski, Virchow’s Arch., 131.
4
Wagner’s Handwdrterbuch, 3, Abt. 1, 463.
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