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BILE-SALTS. 417
occur in which fresh human bile from the gall-bladder lias a green color.
The ordinary post-mortem bile has a variable color. The bile of cer-
tain animals has a peculiar odor; for example, ox-bile has an odor of
musk, especially on warming. The taste of bile is also different in
different animals. Human as well as ox-bile has a bitter taste, with a
sweetish after-taste. The bile of the pig and rabbit has an intensely
persistent bitter taste. On heating bile to boiling it does not coagulate.
It contains (in the ox) only traces of true mucin, and its ropy properties
depend, it seems, chiefly on the presence of a nucleoalbumin similar to
mucin (Paijkull). The bile from the animals investigated by Ham-
marstex showed a similar behavior. Hammarstex x
has, on the con-
trary, found a true mucin in human bile. To all appearances this mucin
originates from the billiary passages, as he found it in the bile flowing
from the hepatic duct, and also because the mucous membrane of the
gall-bladder, according to Wahlgrex,2
does not in man secrete any
mucin, but a mucin-like nucleoalbumin.
The specific constituents of the bile are bile-acids combined with alkalies,
bile-pigments, and, besides small quantities of lecithin and phosphatides,
cholesterin, soaps, neutral fats, urea, ethereal sulphuric acid, traces cf
conjugated glucuronic acids, enzymes and mineral substances, chiefly chlorides,
besides phosphates of calcium, magnesium, and iron. Traces of copper
also occur.
Bile-salts. The bile-acids, which thus far have best been studied,
may be divided into two groups, the glycocholic and taurocholic acid
groups. As found by Hammarstex 3
a third group of bile-acids occurs
in the shark, which are rich in sulphur, and like the ethereal sulphuric
acids they split off sulphuric acid on boiling with hydrochloric acid.
All glycocholic acids contain nitrogen, but are free from sulphur and
can be split, with the addition of water, into glycocoll (amino-acetic acid)
and a nitrogen-free acid, a cholic acid. All taurocholic acids contain
nitrogen and sulphur and are split, with the addition cf water, into
taurine and a cholic acid. The reason for the existence of different glyco-
cholic and taurocholic acids depends on the fact that there are several
cholic acids.
The conjugated bile-acid found in the shark, and called scynuwl-sulphuric acid
by Hammarstex, yields as cleavage products sulphuric acid and a non-nitrogenous
substance, scymnol (C27H46O5), which gives the characteristic color reactions of
cholic acid.
1
Paijkull, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 12; Hammarsten, 1. c, Nova Act. (3), 16,
and Ergebnisse der Physiol., Bd. 4.
2
Maly’s Jahresber., 32.
* Hammarsten, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 24.
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