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428 THE LIVER.
completely exhausted with strong alcohol, filtered, and the alcohol entirely
evaporated from the filtrate. The residue is extracted with ether and
dissolved in water, and filtered if necessary, and the solution precipitated
by basic lead acetate and ammonia. The washed precipitate is dissolved
in boiling alcohol, filtered while warm, and a few drops of soda solution
added. Then evaporate to dryness, extract the residue with absolute
alcohol, filter, and add an excess of ether. The precipitate now formed
may be used for Pettenkofer’s test. It is not necessary to wait for
cystallization; but one must not consider the crystals which form in the
liquid as being positively crystallized bile. It is also possible for needles
of alkali acetate to be formed. In this connection it must be remarked
that a confusion with phosphatides, which also give Pettenkofer’s
reaction, is not excluded, and a further testing and separation are advisable.
Bile-pigments. The bile-coloring matters known thus far are rela-
tively numerous, and in all probability there are still more of them. Most
of the known bile-pigments are not found in the normal bile, but occur
either in post-mortem bile or principally in the bile concrements. The
pigments which occur under physiological conditions in human bile are
the reddish-yellow bilirubin, the green biliverdin, and sometimes also
urobilin (and urobilinogen) or a closely related pigment. The pigments
found in gall-stones are (besides the bilirubin and biliverdin) choleyrasin,
bilifuscin, biliprasin, bilihumin, bilicyanin and (choletelinf). Besides
these, others have been noticed in human and animal bile by various
observers. The two above-mentioned physiological pigments, bilirubin
and biliverdin, are those which serve to give the golden-yellow or orange-
yellow or sometimes greenish color to the bile; or when, as is most fre-
quently the case in ox-bile, the two pigments are present in the bile at
the same time, they produce the different shades between reddish-brown
and green.
Bilirubin. This pigment has the formula, C1GH18N2O3, or according
to Orndorff and Teeple and Kuster,1
more correctly C32H36N4O6,
and is designated by the names cholepyrrhin, biliph^ein, bilifulvin,
and h^ematoidin. It occurs chiefly in the gall-stones as calcium bilirubin.
Bilirubin is present in the liver-bile of all vertebrates, and in the bladder-
bile especially in man and carnivora; sometimes, however, the latter
may have a green bile when fasting or in a starving condition. It also
occurs in the contents of the small intestine, in the blood serum of the
horse, in old blood extravasations (as haematoidin) , and in the urine and
the yellow-colored tissue in icterus.
On reduction with sodium amalgam Maly obtained a reduction
product, which he called hydrobilirubin, with the formula, C32H40N4O7,
1
Orndorff and Teeple, Salkowski’s Festschrift, Berlin, 1904; Kuster, Zeitschr. f.
Physiol. Chem., 59.
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