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CONSTITUTION OF THE BILE. 439
hippopotamus, and orang-utang (Hammarsten !
) contains, like the
bile of the pig, almost exclusively glycocholic acid. A distinct influence
on the relative amounts of the two bile-acids exerted by differences in
diet has not been detected. Hitter 2
claims to have found a* decrease
in the quantity of taurocholic acid in calves when they pass from the
milk to the vegetable diet.
In the above-mentioned calculation of the taurocholic acid from the
quantity of sulphur in the bile-salt, it must be remarked that no definite
conclusion can be drawn from such a determination, since it is known
that other kinds of bile (e. g., human and shark bile) contain sulphur in
compounds other than taurocholic acid.3
The phosphorized constituents of bile are not well known; never-
theless, there is no doubt that bile contains other phosphatides besides
lecithin (Hammarsten). These phosphatides are in part precipitated in
the precipitation of the bile-salts and they in part keep the bile-salts in
solution, preventing their complete precipitation, and hence they have a
double disturbing action in the quantitative analysis of bile. Those biles
richest in phosphatides, so far as known, are the following, in the order of
their amount: Polar bear, man (in special cases), dog, black bear, orang-
utang. The bile of certain fishes contains but little phosphatides
(Hammarsten 4
).
The cholesterin, which, according to several investigators, originates
not only from the liver but also from the biliary passages, occurs in
larger quantities in the bladder-bile than in the liver-bile, and is present
to a greater extent in the non-filtered than in the filtered bile (Doyon
and Dufourt). The quantity seems to be very variable and in patients
with bile fistulas Bacmeister 5
found 0.24-0.59 p. m. The gases
of the bile consist of a large quantity of carbon dioxide, which increases
with the amount of alkalies, only traces of oxygen, and a very small
quantity of nitrogen.
Little is known in regard to the composition of the bile in disease. The quantity
of urea is found to be considerably increased in uraemia. Leucine and tyrosine are
observed in acute yellow atrophy of the liver and in typhoid. Traces of albumin
(without regard to nucleoalbumin) have several times been found in the human
"bile. The so-called pigmentary acholia, or the secretion of a bile containing
bile-acids but no bile-pigments, has also been repeated!}’ noticed. In all such
eases observed by Ritter he found a fatty degeneration of the liver-cells, in return
for which, even in excessive fatty infiltration, a normal bile containing pigments
was secreted. The secretion of a bile nearly free from bile-acids has been
1
See Ergebnisse der Physiol., 4.
1
Cited from Maly’s Jahresber., 6, 195.
3
Hammarsten, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 32, and Ergebnisse, der Physiol., 4.
4
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 36, and Ergebnisse der Physiol., 4.
6
Doyon and Dufort, Arch, de Physiol. (5), 8; Bacmeister, Bioch. Zeitschr., 26.
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