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MIXED SALIVA. 455
or it gradually becomes cloudy. Its reaction is generally alkaline to
litmus. The degree of alkalinity varies considerably not only in dif-
ferent individuals but also in the same individual during different parts
of the day, so that it is difficult to state the average alkalinity. Accord-
ing to Chittenden and Ely it corresponds to the alkalinity of 0.8 p. m.
Na2C03 solution, or to 0.2 p. m. solution according to Cohn. According
to Foa the actual alkalinity (OH-ion concentration) is always consider-
ably less than that found by titration, and the reaction determined
electrometrically is very nearly neutral. The reaction may also be acid,
as found to be the case by Sticker some time after a meal, but this is
not true, at least for all individuals. The specific gravity varies between
1.002 and 1.008, and the quantity of solids between 5 and 10 p. m.
According to Cohn,1
A= —0.20° on an average, and the amount of NaCl
is 1.6 p. m. The solids, irrespective of the form-constituents men-
tioned, consist of protein, mucin, oxidases,2
two enzymes, ptyalin and
maltase, as well as a dipeptid and a tripeptid splitting enzyme 3
and
mineral bodies. It is also claimed that urea is a normal constituent of
the saliva. The mineral bodies are alkali chlorides, bicarbonates of
the alkalies and calcium, phosphates, and traces of sulphates, nitrites,
ammonia, and sulphocyanides, which latter average about 0.1 p. in.
(Munk and others). Smaller quantities, 0.03-0.04 p. m., are found in
the saliva of non-smokers (Schneider and Kruger), while from ordin-
ary smokers the quantity of sulphocyanides may rise to 0.2 p. m.
(Fleckseder 4
).
Sulphocyanides, which, although not constant, occur in the saliva of
man and certain animals, may be easily detected by acidifying the saliva
with hydrochloric acid and treating with a very dilute solution of ferric
chloride. As control, especially in the presence of very small quantities,
it is best to compare the test with another test-tube containing an equal
amount of acidulated water and ferric chloride. Other methods have
been suggested by Gscheidlen, Solera, and Ganassini. The quantita-
tive estimation can be done according to Munk’s 5
method.
Chittenden and Ely, Amer. Chem. Journ., 4, 1883; Chittenden and Richards,
Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 1; Foa, Compt. rend. soc. biol., 58; Sticker, cited from
Centralbl. f. Physiol., 3, 237; Cohn, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1900.
2 Bogdanow-Beresowski, cited from Biochem. Centralbl., 2, 653; Herlitzka, Maly’s
Jahresber., 40; Spanjer-Herford, Virchow’s Arch., 205.
MVarfield, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. 22 (1911); Koelker, Zeitschr. f. physiol.
Chem., 76, (1911).
4
Munk, Virchow’s Arch., 69; Schneider, Amer. Journ. of Physiol., 5; Kruger,
Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 37; Fleckseder, Centralbl. f. innere Med., 1905. In regard to
the variation in the amount of various constituents in saliva see Fleckseder, 1. c, and
Tezner, Arch, internat. de Physiol., 2.
5
Gscheidlen, Maly’s Jahresber., 4; Solera, see ibid., 7 and 8; Munk, Virchow’s
Arch., 69; Ganassini, Biochem. Centralbl., 2, p. 361.
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